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TEACHER VS. PEER SCAFFOLDING MODES IN L2 WRITING CLASSES: ACONSIDERATION OF GENRE APPROACH TO WRITING
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| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Indonesian JELT: Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 7 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 110-134 |
| Abstrak | : | While it is not a long time that scaffolding is applied in writing classes, few attempts have been made to identify the scaffolding mechanisms that teachers and peers employ in face-to-face interactions to help students develop requirements of different genres of writing. Therefore, this study was conducted aiming at investigating the scaffolding behaviors and mechanisms that the teacher and peers employed while revising two genres of writing, i.e. description and essay, written by the students of two classes who were assigned to teacher and peer scaffolding. Vygotsky's Socio-cultural framework and its related notion of scaffolding metaphor were used in this study. To identify the scaffolding behaviors, the verbal interaction between the students and the teacher and peer mediators was recorded, transcribed and coded, using Lidz's scale (1991). Based on the findings of the study, the difference between the teacher's and peers' scaffolding behaviors in the two genres of writing was significant, illustrating the fact that not only the teacher and peer mediators offered different numbers of scaffolding behaviors, but also the type of these behaviors was at times different from a particular genre of writing to another. Finally, some pedagogical implications of Socio-cultural Theory in EFL/ESL writing classes are provided. |
A BILINCUAL CHILD'S ACQUISITION OF MANDARIN AND ENGLISH: SAME OR DIFFERHNT RATH?
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Indonesian JELT: Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 7 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 88-109 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper is descriptive in nature. It looks at the utterances of one Malaysian-Chinese bilingual child who was specifically spoken to in Mandarin and English from birth. The aim of this paper is to highlight the different speech components present in the two languages. There is some evidence to show that the child's preferred language is not necessarily the dominant language. The child was observed closely by the researcher cum mother over a period of seven months. Initial utterances were tape recorded but later discarded due to impracticality. Subsequent utterances were then spontaneously recorded into journals as and when they occurred within the child's home with details such as time, date, place and participants indicated. Transcribed orthographically, data were then categorized according to the languages heard and then the speech components (see Hoff, 2009; Foster-Cohen, 1999; Crystal, 1997) respectively. A frequency count of all these utterances suggests that 59o/o of the child's utterances were in English while 19% were in Mandarin (dominant language) with smaller percentages subscribing to the various environmental languages. Data also indicate that more nouns were used in English and but slightly more verbs and noun phrases were used in Mandarin. This phenomenon was also used as a determinant to gauge the rate of acquisition of the two languages. A very small percentage of the child's data were also articulated as complete sentences but this was done in mixed languages, which could be a typical phenomenon of bilingual language acquisition at the early stage |
MENCARI ALTERNATIF PEMBIAYAAN PEMBANGUNAN YANG PAS
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bina Darma |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 11-40 (No. 40) |
| Halaman | : | 17-23 |
| Abstrak | : | - |
THE ROLE OF EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION IN ENGLISH WORD STRESS PATTERNS IN AN EFL ARAB UNIVERSITY CONTEXT
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Indonesian JELT: Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 7 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 71-87 |
| Abstrak | : | This study presents the results of an investigation into the extent to which explicit instruction in English word stress patterns correlates with better word stress assignment performance by Palestinian EFL university students. The students received three weeks of explicit instruction in the main English word stress rules. I n analyzing the differences in the pre- and post-treatment test scores, the researchers found significant increases on the post treatment test scores which indicate a correlation between explicit instruction in word stress rules and students' performance in word stress assignment. Teaching suggestions and activities are provided to improve learners' word stress assignment performance. The results of this study are of great value to Palestinian linguists, EFL teachers and curricula developers who need to pay special attention to this often overlooked area and, therefore, to ensure that pedagogical materials and teaching activities on word stress become an integral part of EFL curricula. |
HUTANG LUAR NEGERI: KONTRAKSI DAN BEBAN EKONOMI NASIONAL
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bina Darma |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 11-40 (No. 40) |
| Halaman | : | 5-16 |
| Abstrak | : | - |
Semiparametric Efficiency in Convexity Constrained Single-Index Model
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Journal of the American Statistical Association |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 118 (No. 541) |
| Halaman | : | 272-286 |
| Abstrak | : | We consider estimation and inference in a single-index regression model with an unknown convex link function. We introduce a convex and Lipschitz constrained least-square estimator (CLSE) for both the parametric and the nonparametric components given independent and identically distributed observations. We prove the consistency and find the rates of convergence of the CLSE when the errors are assumed to have only ????≥2 moments and are allowed to depend on the covariates. When ????≥5, we establish ????−1/2-rate of convergence and asymptotic normality of the estimator of the parametric component. Moreover, the CLSE is proved to be semiparametrically efficient if the errors happen to be homoscedastic. We develop and implement a numerically stable and computationally fast algorithm to compute our proposed estimator in the R package simest. We illustrate our methodology through extensive simulations and data analysis. Finally, our proof of efficiency is geometric and provides a general framework that can be used to prove efficiency of estimators in a wide variety of semiparametric models even when they do not satisfy the efficient score equation directly. Supplementary files for this article are available online. |
Conditional Functional Graphical Models
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Journal of the American Statistical Association |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 118 (No. 541) |
| Halaman | : | 257-271 |
| Abstrak | : | Graphical modeling of multivariate functional data is becoming increasingly important in a wide variety of applications. The changes of graph structure can often be attributed to external variables, such as the diagnosis status or time, the latter of which gives rise to the problem of dynamic graphical modeling. Most existing methods focus on estimating the graph by aggregating samples, but largely ignore the subject-level heterogeneity due to the external variables. In this article, we introduce a conditional graphical model for multivariate random functions, where we treat the external variables as conditioning set, and allow the graph structure to vary with the external variables. Our method is built on two new linear operators, the conditional precision operator and the conditional partial correlation operator, which extend the precision matrix and the partial correlation matrix to both the conditional and functional settings. We show that their nonzero elements can be used to characterize the conditional graphs, and develop the corresponding estimators. We establish the uniform convergence of the proposed estimators and the consistency of the estimated graph, while allowing the graph size to grow with the sample size, and accommodating both completely and partially observed data. We demonstrate the efficacy of the method through both simulations and a study of brain functional connectivity network. |
Experimental Evaluation of Individualized Treatment Rules
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Journal of the American Statistical Association |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 118 (No. 541) |
| Halaman | : | 242-256 |
| Abstrak | : | The increasing availability of individual-level data has led to numerous applications of individualized (or personalized) treatment rules (ITRs). Policy makers often wish to empirically evaluate ITRs and compare their relative performance before implementing them in a target population. We propose a new evaluation metric, the population average prescriptive effect (PAPE). The PAPE compares the performance of ITR with that of non-individualized treatment rule, which randomly treats the same proportion of units. Averaging the PAPE over a range of budget constraints yields our second evaluation metric, the area under the prescriptive effect curve (AUPEC). The AUPEC represents an overall performance measure for evaluation, like the area under the receiver and operating characteristic curve (AUROC) does for classification, and is a generalization of the QINI coefficient used in uplift modeling. We use Neyman’s repeated sampling framework to estimate the PAPE and AUPEC and derive their exact finite-sample variances based on random sampling of units and random assignment of treatment. We extend our methodology to a common setting, in which the same experimental data are used to both estimate and evaluate ITRs. In this case, our variance calculation incorporates the additional uncertainty due to random splits of data used for cross-validation. The proposed evaluation metrics can be estimated without requiring modeling assumptions, asymptotic approximation, or resampling methods. As a result, it is applicable to any ITR including those based on complex machine learning algorithms. The open-source software package is available for implementing the proposed methodology. Supplementary materials for this article are available online. |
Controlling False Discovery Rate Using Gaussian Mirrors
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Journal of the American Statistical Association |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 118 (No. 541) |
| Halaman | : | 222-241 |
| Abstrak | : | Simultaneously, finding multiple influential variables and controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) for linear regression models is a fundamental problem. We here propose the Gaussian Mirror (GM) method, which creates for each predictor variable a pair of mirror variables by adding and subtracting a randomly generated Gaussian perturbation, and proceeds with a certain regression method, such as the ordinary least-square or the Lasso (the mirror variables can also be created after selection). The mirror variables naturally lead to test statistics effective for controlling the FDR. Under a mild assumption on the dependence among the covariates, we show that the FDR can be controlled at any designated level asymptotically. We also demonstrate through extensive numerical studies that the GM method is more powerful than many existing methods for selecting relevant variables subject to FDR control, especially for cases when the covariates are highly correlated and the influential variables are not overly sparse. |
Regression Discontinuity Designs With a Continuous Treatment
| Pengarang | : | Yingying Dong |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Journal of the American Statistical Association |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 118 (No. 541) |
| Halaman | : | 208-221 |
| Abstrak | : | The standard regression discontinuity (RD) design deals with a binary treatment. Many empirical applications of RD designs involve continuous treatments. This article establishes identification and robust bias-corrected inference for such RD designs. Causal identification is achieved by using any changes in the distribution of the continuous treatment at the RD threshold (including the usual mean change as a special case). We discuss a double-robust identification approach and propose an estimand that incorporates the standard fuzzy RD estimand as a special case. Applying the proposed approach, we estimate the impacts of bank capital on bank failure in the pre-Great Depression era in the United States. Our RD design takes advantage of the minimum capital requirements, which change discontinuously with town size. |