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Reference model methodology-A tool for the collaborative creation of video coding standards
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| Pengarang | : | S. Okubo |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-2, FEBRUARY (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 139-150 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper discusses a methodology for developing a new video coding standard through collaboration; use of the reference model. It is a coding model which may start from a simple framework, is used as a yardstick to evaluate new coding elements and/or improvements of existing elements and allows evolution by incorporating these new or improved elements whose effectiveness has been demonstrated into the next generation model. Then this new generation model serves as an updated yardstick for the next round of study. This process is iterated until a sufficient level of performance is obtained. An outstanding feature of this method is to enable decision making based on purely technical characteristics The work to develop ITU-T Recommendation H.261 is detailed in this paper as evidence of its productiveness by describing techniques employed as well as some potential techniques which were not accepted in the end. This method has also been verified by the subsequent successful development of MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 standards in ISO/IEC JTC1. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the reference model method also contributes to the efficient dissemination of the state of the art of the video coding technology. As a conclusion, some guidelines to apply this methodology are listed. |
Prolog to: Detection of signals in chaos
| Pengarang | : | H. Falk |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 94 |
| Abstrak | : | Abstrak tidak tersedia. |
Prolog to: Asynchronous design methodologies: An overview
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 67-68 |
| Abstrak | : | Abstrak tidak tersedia. |
Prolog to: Modeling and identification of parallel nonlinear systems: Structural classification and parameter estimation methods
| Pengarang | : | K. Self |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 37-38 |
| Abstrak | : | Abstrak tidak tersedia. |
Prolog to: Performance trends in high-end processors
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 18-19 |
| Abstrak | : | Tidak ada |
Prolog to: EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 5-6 |
| Abstrak | : | Tidak ada |
EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications
| Pengarang | : | M.A. Jensen |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 7-17 |
| Abstrak | : | In personal communications, the electromagnetic interaction between handset-mounted antennas and the nearby biological tissue is a key consideration. This paper presents a thorough investigation of this antenna-tissue interaction using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulation approach with detailed models of real-life antennas on a transceiver handset. The monopole, side-mounted planar inverted F, top-mounted bent inverted F, and back-mounted planar inverted F antennas are selected as representative examples of external and internal configurations. Detailed models of the human head and hand are implemented to investigate the effects of the tissue location and physical model on the antenna performance. Experimental results are provided which support the computationally obtained conclusions. The specific absorption rate (SAR) in the tissue is examined for several different antenna/handset configurations. It is found that for a head-handset separation of 2 cm, the SAR in the head has a peak value between 0.9 and 3.8 mW/g and an average value between 0.06 and 0.10 mW/g for 1 W of power delivered to the antenna. Additionally, the head and hand absorb between 48 and 68% of the power delivered to the antenna. |
Performance trends in high-end processors
| Pengarang | : | G.A. Sai-Halasz,Narisa Tianjing Dai [et.al] |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 20-36 |
| Abstrak | : | Based on a first order cycle time model performance trends and limits are projected for both bipolar and CMOS processors. The key in identifying trends is the understanding of the pivotal factors at any given stage of technology progression. One such parameter is the physical area of the processor. In coming technologies there will be opposite demands placed on the system's area stemming from a need to reduce the proportion of interconnection capacitance and to send signals across the processor. Contrary to the usual perception, delays resulting from wiring capacitance decrease if processor area increases, while the minimization of signal travel times favors reducing area. The system size tradeoff in the case of bipolar processors is primarily determined by power density, while CMOS processor sizes are determined by wirability requirements. To achieve the full potential of CMOS, interconnections will have to be carefully planned. The performance limits of bipolar and room temperature CMOS uniprocessors are shown to be very similar. The highest performance technology on the horizon is liquid nitrogen temperature CMOS. Alternate technologies, based on III-V compound devices, or more exotic quantum structures, are not expected to play a role in future general-purpose high-end systems. |
Modeling and identification of parallel nonlinear systems: structural classification and parameter estimation methods
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 39-66 |
| Abstrak | : | Structural classification and parameter estimation (SCPE) methods are used for studying single-input single-output (SISO) parallel linear-nonlinear-linear (LNL), linear-nonlinear (LN), and nonlinear-linear (NL) system models from input-output (I-O) measurements. The uniqueness of the I-O mappings of some model structures is discussed. The uniqueness of I-O mappings of different models tells us in what conditions given model structures can be differentiated from one another. Parameter uniqueness of the I-O mapping of a given structural model is also discussed, which tells us in what conditions a given model's parameters can be uniquely estimated from I-O measurements. These methods are then generalized so that they can be used to study single-input multi-output (SIMO), multi-input single-output (MISO), as well as multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear system models. Parameter estimation of the two-input single-output nonlinear system model, which was left unsolved previously, can now be obtained using the newly derived algorithms. Applications of SCPE methods for modeling visual cortical neurons, system fault detection, modeling and identification of communication networks, biological systems, and natural and artificial neural networks are also discussed. The feasibility of these methods is demonstrated using simulated examples. SCPE methods presented in this paper can be further developed to study more complicated block-structured models, and will therefore have future potential for modeling and identifying highly complex multi-input multi-output nonlinear systems. |
Asynchronous design methodologies: an overview
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 83-1, JANUARY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 69-93 |
| Abstrak | : | Asynchronous design has been an active area of research since at least the mid 1950's, but has yet to achieve widespread use. We examine the benefits and problems inherent in asynchronous computations, and in some of the more notable design methodologies. These include Huffman asynchronous circuits, burst-mode circuits, micropipelines, template-based and trace theory-based delay-insensitive circuits, signal transition graphs, change diagrams, and complication-based quasi-delay-insensitive circuits. |