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Motors for Ship Propulsion
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| Pengarang | : | Pippin, Sonja... [et.al.] |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | - |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 103 (No. 12) |
| Halaman | : | 2320-2332 |
| Abstrak | : | Electric propulsion of ships has experienced steady expansion for several decades. Since the early 20th century, icebreakers have employed the flexibility and easy control of direct current (dc) motors to provide for ship operations that split ice with back and forth motion of the ship. More recently, cruise ships have employed diesel-electric propulsion systems to take advantage of the flexibility of diesel, as opposed to steam engines, and because the electric plant can also be used for hotel loads. Research vessels, ferries, tankers, and special purpose vessels have also taken advantage of increased flexibility and fuel efficiency with electric propulsion. Today, the U.S. Navy is building an “all electric” destroyer to be named “Zumwalt,” which employs two induction motors for propulsion. There are several different classes of motors that might be considered for use in ship propulsion, ranging from dc (commutator) motors through conventional induction and synchronous motors to permanent magnet synchronous machines, doubly fed machines and superconducting alternating current (ac) and acyclic homopolar machines. This review paper describes features of some of the major classes of motor that might be used in ship propulsion. |
Control Architecture for High Power Electronics Converters
| Pengarang | : | Narain Hingorani |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | - |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 103 (No. 12) |
| Halaman | : | 2312-2319 |
| Abstrak | : | When the control functions of various types of power electronics systems are examined, a significant degree of common functionality emerges, irrespective of the target application. It is possible to define hierarchical control architectures for these systems using common interface definitions between control system divisions or layers. Such definitions enable the use of common designs for multiple applications and the use of commercially available electronics and communications modules allowing cost reduction in power electronics applications. This paper presents various partitioning strategies of a hierarchical control architecture for use in high power electronics control systems and defines various parameters/functions that need to be handled within each layer, and those that need to be communicated between the layers. Each layer has characteristic processing and communication speed requirements, irrespective of the final applications. |
Navigating the Landscape for Real-Time Localization and Mapping for Robotics and Virtual and Augmented Reality
| Pengarang | : | Sajad Saeedi |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 2020-2039 |
| Abstrak | : | Visual understanding of 3-D environments in real time, at low power, is a huge computational challenge. Often referred to as simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), it is central to applications spanning domestic and industrial robotics, autonomous vehicles, and virtual and augmented reality. This paper describes the results of a major research effort to assemble the algorithms, architectures, tools, and systems software needed to enable delivery of SLAM, by supporting applications specialists in selecting and configuring the appropriate algorithm and the appropriate hardware, and compilation pathway, to meet their performance, accuracy, and energy consumption goals. The major contributions we present are: 1) tools and methodology for systematic quantitative evaluation of SLAM algorithms; 2) automated, machine-learning-guided exploration of the algorithmic and implementation design space with respect to multiple objectives; 3) end-to-end simulation tools to enable optimization of heterogeneous, accelerated architectures for the specific algorithmic requirements of the various SLAM algorithmic approaches; and 4) tools for delivering, where appropriate, accelerated, adaptive SLAM solutions in a managed, JIT-compiled, adaptive runtime context. |
Advances in Power Conversion and Drives for Shipboard Systems
| Pengarang | : | Antono, Hery |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | - |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 103 (No. 12) |
| Halaman | : | 2285-2311 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper presents some of the key advances in power electronics pertaining to shipboard electric power system applications. The focus is on the emerging wide bandgap semiconductor devices, i.e., silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) devices, and their potential impact on future shipboard power conversion and drives. Their benefits on power converter efficiency and power density are explained through a case study of a medium-voltage (MV) class motor drive system. SiC and GaN also enable new applications, including solid-state transformers, while posing new design and application challenges such as gate drive, protection, and interaction with loads. In addition to device related topics, this paper also overviews other important advances in power electronics, including topology, control, passive components, thermal management, filters, and packaging. The significance of power electronics building blocks (PEBBs) concept for shipboard power system development is discussed. Recognizing the growing complexity of shipboard power systems, some system-level technologies related to future MV direct current (dc) system architecture are highlighted. |
Integrated Power Systems An Outline of Requirements and Functionalities for Ships
| Pengarang | : | Timothy J. McCoy |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | - |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 103 (No. 12) |
| Halaman | : | 2276-2284 |
| Abstrak | : | Selection of power and propulsion system architecture is one of the most far-reaching and irreversible decisions made by the designer of a modern ship. However, most texts and design handbooks pay little attention to the implications of this design decision nor is sufficient attention paid to the attributes of the various alternatives available to the ship designer/owner. Integrated power systems, made possible over the past three decades by the advances in modern high-power power electronics, provide many benefits to the ship owner, including reduced operating costs, arrangement flexibility, superior reliability and survivability, and support for advanced weapons on sensors warships. This paper will outline the architecture options available to today's ship designer and will discuss the design implications and pitfalls inherent in the power system architecture selection, paying particular attention to the unique aspects of integrated power systems. |
Hybrid Electric Drive for Naval Combatants
| Pengarang | : | Dwight Alexander |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | - |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 103 (No. 12) |
| Halaman | : | 2267-2275 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper presents an overview of the development and present state of the art of hybrid propulsion drive systems as applied to high-performance naval combatants. Motivations for implementing hybrid electric drive architectures are reviewed including potential benefits in term of fuel savings/reduced emissions and additional power generation capacity. Both back-fit into existing propulsion and power generation architectures as well as forward-fit are discussed. Issues associated with coupling the mechanical drive train and electric power generation system together are reviewed. |
The Ongoing Evolution of OpenMP
| Pengarang | : | I. Praptomo Baryadi |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 2004-2019 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper presents an overview of the past, present and future of the OpenMP application programming interface (API). While the API originally specified a small set of directives that guided shared memory fork-join parallelization of loops and program sections, OpenMP now provides a richer set of directives that capture a wide range of parallelization strategies that are not strictly limited to shared memory. As we look toward the future of OpenMP, we immediately see further evolution of the support for that range of parallelization strategies and the addition of direct support for debugging and performance analysis tools. Looking beyond the next major release of the specification of the OpenMP API, we expect the specification eventually to include support for more parallelization strategies and to embrace closer integration into its Fortran, C and, in particular, C++ base languages, which will likely require the API to adopt additional programming abstractions. |
Early-Stage Design for Electric Ship
| Pengarang | : | Julie Chalfant |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | - |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 103 (No. 12) |
| Halaman | : | 2252-2266 |
| Abstrak | : | One of the truisms of ship design is that the decisions of greatest impact are made in the early stages of design when the least information and the greatest uncertainty are present. In response to this, ongoing efforts in developing ship design tools are directed toward making more information available sooner and pushing decision points later. The integrated nature of electric ship in which performance of support systems directly affects performance of primary mission systems compounds this concern; design and simulation of support systems are needed earlier, and collaborative design among multiple engineering disciplines is required in the process. This paper reviews the Navy ship design process and recent developments in ship design tools to illuminate the areas in which further development is necessary. |
History and the Status of Electric Ship Propulsion, Integrated Power Systems, and Future Trends in the U.S. Navy
| Pengarang | : | Hasson, Brian K.,Cainas, Jennifer M.,Kralik, Juliana |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | - |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 103 (No. 12) |
| Halaman | : | 2243-2251 |
| Abstrak | : | While electric propulsion for warships has existed for nearly a century, it has only been since the end of the Cold War that modern integrated power systems have been developed and implemented on U.S. Navy warships. The principal enablers have been the products of research and development for rotating machines (generators and propulsion motors), power electronics (power conversion and motor drives), energy storage, and controls. The U.S. Navy has implemented this advanced technology incrementally. Notably, DDG 1000 with its integrated propulsion system and CVN 78 with its electromagnetic aircraft launch system will soon join the fleet and mark another important advance to the electric warship. In the future, the integration of electric weapons such as railguns, high power radars, and lasers will result in the final achievement of the electric warship. |
History and State of the Art in Commercial Electric Ship Propulsion, Integrated Power Systems, and Future Trends
| Pengarang | : | Jan Fredrik Hansen |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | - |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 103 (No. 12) |
| Halaman | : | 2229-2242 |
| Abstrak | : | Electric propulsion has emerged as one of the most efficient propulsion arrangements for several vessel types over the last decades. Even though examples can be found in the history at the end of 19th century, and further into the 20th century, the modern use of electric propulsion started in the 1980s along with the development of semiconductor switching devices to be used in high power drives (dc drives and later ac-to-ac drives). This development opened up for full rpm control of propellers and thrusters, and thereby enabling a simplification of the mechanical structure. However, the main reason for using electric propulsion in commercial ship applications is the potential for fuel savings compared to equivalent mechanical alternatives, except for icebreakers where the performance of an electric powered propeller is superior to a combustion engine powered propeller. The fuel saving potential lies within the fact that the applicable vessels have a highly varying operation profile and are seldom run at full power. This favors the power plant principle in which electric power can be produced at any time with optimum running of prime movers, e.g., diesel engines, by turning on and off units depending on the power demand for propulsion and other vessel loads. Icebreakers were among the first vessels to take advantage of this technology later followed by cruise vessel, and the offshore drilling vessels operating with dynamic positioning (DP). The converter technology was rapidly developing and soon the dc drives were replaced with ac drives. In the same period electric propulsion emerged as basic standard for large cruise liners, and DP operated drilling vessels, but also found its way into other segments as shuttle tankers, ferries, and other special vessels. At the same time podded propulsion were introduced, where the electric motor was mounted directly on the propeller shaft in a submerged 360 ? steerable pod, adding better efficiency, improved maneuvering, and reduced installation space/cost to the benefits of electric propulsion. The future trends are now focusing on further optimization of efficiency by allowing multiple energy sources, independent operation of individual power producers, and energy storage for various applications, such as power back up, peak shaving, or emission free operation (short voyages). |