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Toward Seamless Multiview Scene Analysis From Satellite to Street Level
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| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 10) |
| Halaman | : | 1884-1899 |
| Abstrak | : | In this paper, we discuss and review how combined multiview imagery from satellite to street level can benefit scene analysis. Numerous works exist that merge information from remote sensing and images acquired from the ground for tasks such as object detection, robots guidance, or scene understanding. What makes the combination of overhead and street-level images challenging are the strongly varying viewpoints, the different scales of the images, their illuminations and sensor modality, and time of acquisition. Direct (dense) matching of images on a per-pixel basis is thus often impossible, and one has to resort to alternative strategies that will be discussed in this paper. For such purpose, we review recent works that attempt to combine images taken from the ground and overhead views for purposes like scene registration, reconstruction, or classification. After the theoretical review, we present three recent methods to showcase the interest and potential impact of such fusion on real applications (change detection, image orientation, and tree cataloging), whose logic can then be reused to extend the use of ground-based images in remote sensing and vice versa. Through this review, we advocate that cross fertilization between remote sensing, computer vision, and machine learning is very valuable to make the best of geographic data available from Earth observation sensors and ground imagery. Despite its challenges, we believe that integrating these complementary data sources will lead to major breakthroughs in Big GeoData. It will open new perspectives for this exciting and emerging field. |
Remote Sensing Image Scene Classification: Benchmark and State of the Art
| Pengarang | : | Mateja Ploj Virtic |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 10) |
| Halaman | : | 1865-1883 |
| Abstrak | : | Remote sensing image scene classification plays an important role in a wide range of applications and hence has been receiving remarkable attention. During the past years, significant efforts have been made to develop various data sets or present a variety of approaches for scene classification from remote sensing images. However, a systematic review of the literature concerning data sets and methods for scene classification is still lacking. In addition, almost all existing data sets have a number of limitations, including the small scale of scene classes and the image numbers, the lack of image variations and diversity, and the saturation of accuracy. These limitations severely limit the development of new approaches especially deep learning-based methods. This paper first provides a comprehensive review of the recent progress. Then, we propose a large-scale data set, termed “NWPU-RESISC45,” which is a publicly available benchmark for REmote Sensing Image Scene Classification (RESISC), created by Northwestern Polytechnical University (NWPU). This data set contains 31 500 images, covering 45 scene classes with 700 images in each class. The proposed NWPU-RESISC45 1) is large-scale on the scene classes and the total image number; 2) holds big variations in translation, spatial resolution, viewpoint, object pose, illumination, background, and occlusion; and 3) has high within-class diversity and between-class similarity. The creation of this data set will enable the community to develop and evaluate various data-driven algorithms. Finally, several representative methods are evaluated using the proposed data set, and the results are reported as a useful baseline for future research. |
Spatial Technology and Social Media in Remote Sensing: A Survey
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 10) |
| Halaman | : | 1855-1864 |
| Abstrak | : | The rapid development of social media data and the associated growth in volume, velocity, and variety has fostered the idea of using these data to guide traditional remote sensing image retrieval and information extraction tasks. Although important progress has been made in recent years in harvesting spatial and temporal data from social media, the exploitation of these data for decision making still needs further investigation, particularly in the context of its integration with remote sensing and geographic information systems. In this paper, we first discuss the relation between localization techniques and spatial technologies, pointing out their similarities and differences. Then, we provide a discussion on location analysis of social media data, and the fusion of multiple data sources, with specific attention to the integration of social media content (including localization) with remote sensing-based spatial technologies. Next, we provide specific examples addressing the use of social media data to perform information extraction from large remote sensing data repositories. Although significant possibilities for the integration of localization and spatial technologies can be seen in the examples provided, our survey suggests that the convergence of remote sensing and social media data will continue to deeply transform these technologies. |
Ernst Werner Von Siemens and the Early Evolution and Diffusion of Electric Telegraphy
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 2274-2284 |
| Abstrak | : | The technology of electric telegraphy that revolutionized long-distance communication and established the groundwork for later innovations, such as telephone, fax machine, and internet, emerged in the 1830s and 1840s thanks to the work of many men of science and technology around the world. In 1799, Alessandro Volta's invention of reliable storage electric currents which allowed their use in controlled conditions, and the demonstration two decades later of a connection between electricity and magnetism by Hans Christian Oersted, supported the experimentation which led to a communication system by which electric signals were transmitted over a wire laid between stations. |
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Smart Grid and Renewable Energy Systems—Some Example Applications
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 2262-2273 |
| Abstrak | : | Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, such as expert systems (ESs), fuzzy logic (FL), and artificial neural networks (ANNs or NNWs) have brought an advancing frontier in power electronics and power engineering. These techniques provide powerful tools for design, simulation, control, estimation, fault diagnostics, and fault-tolerant control in modern smart grid (SG) and renewable energy systems (RESs). The AI technology has gone through fast evolution during last several decades, and their applications have increased rapidly in modern industrial systems. This special issue will remain incomplete without some discussion on AI applications in SG and RESs. The paper will discuss some novel application examples of AI in these areas. These applications are automated design of modern wind generation system and its health monitoring in the operating condition, fault pattern identification of an SG subsystem, and control of SG based on real-time simulator. The concepts of these application examples can be expanded to formulate many other applications. In the beginning of the paper, the basic features of AI that are relevant to these applications have been briefly reviewed. |
Controls for Smart Grids: Architectures and Applications
| Pengarang | : | Daniel Sanz-Alonso |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 2244-2261 |
| Abstrak | : | Control is and will continue to be a key discipline for realizing the objectives of smart grid initiatives. Research in control science and engineering is not limited to one or a few application concepts but is pervasive across the smart grid ecosystem. The principal contribution of this paper is to review, from a system-architectural perspective, how control enables smart grid applications. Application “templates” are presented for direct load control, automated demand response, microgrid optimization, control for distribution grids, wide-area control, and market-centric control. Technological developments, including in power electronics, that are enabling smart grid control research and applications are also itemized and two cross-cutting needs/opportunities for future research discussed. We conclude with a summary of a recent status report on the progress that has been made in the United States, noting also the challenges to further progress, in renewable generation, energy efficiency, and carbon reduction. |
Smart Grid Simulations and Their Supporting Implementation Methods
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 2220-2243 |
| Abstrak | : | In this tutorial we present the state-of-the-art as well as new methods for simulating various planning, operation, stability, reliability, and economic models of electric power systems. The discussion is driven by both first-principle models and empirical models. First-principle models result from the fundamental physics and engineering principles that govern the behavior of various components of a grid. Empirical models, on the other hand, are models that result from statistics and data analysis. We overview a wide spectrum of applications starting from planning models with a time-scale of simulation in years to real-time models where the time-scale can be in the order of milliseconds. We present a list of simulation software popularly used by the power engineering research community across the world. The increasingly important roles of power electronics, communication and computing, model aggregation, hybrid simulation, faster-than-real-time simulation, and co-simulation in emulating the daily operation of a grid are enumerated. The importance of research testbeds for testing, verification and validation of complex grid models at various temporal and spatial scales is also highlighted. The overall goal is to provide a vision on how simulations and their supporting implementation methods can help us in understanding the evolving behavior of tomorrow's power networks as a truly intelligent cyber-physical system. |
Thermospheric Variations From GNSS and Accelerometer Measurements on Small Satellites
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 484-495 |
| Abstrak | : | Monitoring and understanding geophysical processes in the thermosphere is primordial for space physics, low Earth orbiters, and ground-based technologies. In the last half century, thermospheric variations, anomalies, and climatology have been investigated and reported, but were limited due to lack of observations and large uncertainty in the models. Today, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and accelerometers on small satellites can sense neutraldensity and wind variations with unprecedented accuracy, which contribute to understand thermospheric variations and improve the current empirical and physical models. In this paper, an overview of past and present developments and efforts in sensing and modeling thermospheric density and wind variations is presented, as well as the future challenges and perspectives for GNSS and accelerometers on small satellites. |
Energy Storage and Power Electronics Technologies: A Strong Combination to Empower the Transformation to the Smart Grid
| Pengarang | : | Marcelo G. Molina |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 2191-2219 |
| Abstrak | : | The electric power industry is facing unprecedented transformations and challenges with the implementation of the smart grids. This new grid paradigm has arisen to build a flexible electric power system that better coordinates energy resources and loads aiming at efficiently delivering sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. As a part of the smart grids (SGs), microgrids (MGs) have been developed to exploit the full benefits from the integration of distributed energy resources, especially distributed renewable generation based on variable and intermittent sources, such as wind and solar. Nevertheless, meeting all these goal requires the implementation of innovative energy storage technologies integrated with high efficiency and very fast response electronic power conditioning systems to interface with the electrical grid. Power electronics systems play a key role in regulating the raw energy from energy storage systems (ESSs) and connecting to the electrical grid. Hence, this paper performs a comprehensive analysis of major technologies in electrical energy storage systems and their electronic interface for applications in smart grids. The work provides a complete study of the technology profile of both energy storage and power electronics suitable for applications in the evolving grid. |
Fuel Cell Power Systems and Applications
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 105 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 2166-2190 |
| Abstrak | : | Fuel cell power systems offer a unique combination of high efficiency, wide size range, modularity, and compatibility with cogeneration. The development of complete energy systems that realize the benefits offered by fuel cell technology requires a basic understanding of fuel cell system components as well as the associated power electronics for different applications. This paper explains the basic characteristics of a fuel cell system, describes the different types of fuel cells and their current state of development, and discusses the potential application of these systems to transportation and stationary power. Particular emphasis is given to the electrical characteristics of the fuel cell, which is a relatively stiff power source. Power electronic systems are essential for making the fuel cell electrical output compatible with most loads. Options for dc-dc and dc-ac power conversion circuits are given with a discussion of the distinct features of each circuit that can be used for system planning purposes. The interaction between a fuel cell and a single-phase ac inverter load is highlighted because of the widespread applicability of this particular combination. |