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Development and Testing of a 3-D-Printed Cold Gas Thruster for an Interplanetary CubeSat
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| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 379-390 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper describes the development and testing of a cold gas attitude control thruster produced for the BioSentinel spacecraft, a CubeSat that will operate beyond Earth orbit. The thruster will reduce the spacecraft rotational velocity after deployment, and for the remainder of the mission it will periodically unload momentum from the reaction wheels. The majority of the thruster is a single piece of 3-D-printed additive material which incorporates the propellant tanks, feed pipes, and nozzles. Combining these elements allows for more efficient use of the available volume and reduces the potential for leaks. The system uses a high-density commercial refrigerant as the propellant, due to its high volumetric impulse efficiency, as well as low toxicity and low storage pressure. Two engineering development units and one flight unit have been produced for the BioSentinel mission. The design, development, and test campaign for the thruster system is presented. |
Space Propulsion Technology for Small Spacecraft
| Pengarang | : | David Krejci |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 362-378 |
| Abstrak | : | As small satellites become more popular and capable, strategies to provide in-space propulsion increase in importance. Applications range from orbital changes and maintenance, attitude control and desaturation of reaction wheels to drag compensation and de-orbit at spacecraft end-of-life. Space propulsion can be enabled by chemical or electric means, each having different performance and scalability properties. The purpose of this review is to describe the working principles of space propulsion technologies proposed so far for small spacecraft. Given the size, mass, power, and operational constraints of small satellites, not all types of propulsion can be used and very few have seen actual implementation in space. Emphasis is given in those strategies that have the potential of miniaturization to be used in all classes of vehicles, down to the popular 1-L, 1-kg CubeSats and smaller. |
Modern Small Satellites-Changing the Economics of Space
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 343-361 |
| Abstrak | : | Earth orbiting satellites come in a wide range of shapes and sizes to meet a diverse variety of uses and applications. Large satellites with masses over 1000 kg support high-resolution remote sensing of the Earth, high bandwidth communications services, and world-class scientific studies but take lengthy developments and are costly to build and launch. The advent of commercially available, high-volume, and hence low-cost microelectronics has enabled a different approach through miniaturization. This results in physically far smaller satellites that dramatically reduce timescales and costs and that are able to provide operational and commercially viable services. This paper charts the evolution and rise of small satellites from being an early curiosity with limited utility through to the present where small satellites are a key element of modern space capabilities. |
Issue Small Satellites
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 339-342 |
| Abstrak | : | Small satellite is a disruptive technology in space industries. Traditionally, space industries were dominated by satellites which have thousands of kilograms and are bulky and expensive. Small satellites denote a new generation of miniaturized satellites which, by taking advantages of modern technologies (e.g., integrated circuits, digital signal processing, MEMS, and additive manufacturing), can achieve a significant reduction in volume, mass, development time, and cost of satellites. During recent decades, small satellites, including CubeSats, NanoSats, MiniSats, and MicroSats, have undergone rapid developments, and are playing an increasingly larger role in exploration, technology demonstration, scientific research, and education. These miniature satellites provide a low-cost platform for missions, including planetary space exploration, Earth observations, fundamental Earth and space science, and developing precursor science instruments like laser communications and millimeter-wave communications for intersatellite and intrasatellite links, and autonomous movement capabilities. They also allow educators an inexpensive means to engage students in all phases of satellite development, operation, and exploitation through real-world, hands-on research and development experience on rideshare launch opportunities. A number of miniaturized satellites can form spaceborne wireless sensor networks in the space, which are also going to play an important role in Internet of Space (IoS) of the future. |
Origins of the IEEE Edison Medal
| Pengarang | : | David P. Bart |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 319-328 |
| Abstrak | : | The Edison Medal is one of the most prestigious awards given in the United States and Canada recognizing meritorious accomplishments in the fields of electronics and electrical engineering. The year 2009 marked the 100th anniversary of this medal named in honor of America’s most famous inventor, Thomas Alva Edison. Edison’s work exemplifies the development of large scale industrial research laboratories, the creation of new technology, and the installation of the first complete electrical systems in the 19th century. For more than a century, many important contributors to the development of electronics have received the Edison Medal over its storied history. This article outlines the origins of the Edison Medal and its legacy of honor. |
Signal Processing and Coding Techniques for 2-D Magnetic Recording: An Overview
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 286-318 |
| Abstrak | : | Two-dimensional magnetic recording (TDMR) is an emerging storage technology that aims to achieve areal densities on the order of 10 Tb/in2, mainly driven by innovative channels engineering with minimal changes to existing head/media designs within a systems framework. Significant additive areal density gains can be achieved by using TDMR over bit patterned media (BPM) and energy-assisted magnetic recording (EAMR). In TDMR, the sectors are inherently 2-D with reduced track pitch and bit widths, leading to severe 2-D intersymbol interference (ISI). This necessitates the development of powerful 2-D signal processing and coding algorithms for mitigating 2-D ISI, timing artifacts, jitter, and electronics noise resulting from irregular media grain positions and read-head electronics. The algorithms have to be eventually realized within a read/write channel architecture as a part of a system-on-chip (SoC) within the disk controller system. In this work, we provide a wide overview of TDMR technology, channel models and capacity, signal processing algorithms (detection and timing recovery), and error-correcting codes attuned to 2-D channels. The innovations and advances described not only make TDMR a promising future technology, but may serve a broader engineering audience as well. |
Neuro-inspired computing with emerging nonvolatile memorys
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 260-285 |
| Abstrak | : | This comprehensive review summarizes state of the art, challenges, and prospects of the neuro-inspired computing with emerging nonvolatile memory devices. First, we discuss the demand for developing neuro-inspired architecture beyond today's von-Neumann architecture. Second, we summarize the various approaches to designing the neuromorphic hardware (digital versus analog, spiking versus nonspiking, online training versus offline training) and discuss why emerging nonvolatile memory is attractive for implementing the synapses in the neural network. Then, we discuss the desired device characteristics of the synaptic devices (e.g., multilevel states, weight update nonlinearity/asymmetry, variation/noise), and survey a few representative material systems and device prototypes reported in the literature that show the analog conductance tuning. These candidates include phase change memory, resistive memory, ferroelectric memory, floating-gate transistors, etc. Next, we introduce the crossbar array architecture to accelerate the weighted sum and weight update operations that are commonly used in the neuro-inspired machine learning algorithms, and review the recent progresses of array-level experimental demonstrations for pattern recognition tasks. In addition, we discuss the peripheral neuron circuit design issues and present a device-circuit-algorithm codesign methodology to evaluate the impact of nonideal device effects on the system-level performance (e.g., learning accuracy). Finally, we give an outlook on the customization of the learning algorithms for efficient hardware implementation. |
Message Passing Algorithms for Scalable Multitarget Tracking
| Pengarang | : | Florian Meyer |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 221-259 |
| Abstrak | : | Situation-aware technologies enabled by multitarget tracking will lead to new services and applications in fields such as autonomous driving, indoor localization, robotic networks, and crowd counting. In this tutorial paper, we advocate a recently proposed paradigm for scalable multitarget tracking that is based on message passing or, more concretely, the loopy sum-product algorithm. This approach has advantages regarding estimation accuracy, computational complexity, and implementation flexibility. Most importantly, it provides a highly effective, efficient, and scalable solution to the probabilistic data association problem, a major challenge in multitarget tracking. This fact makes it attractive for emerging applications requiring real-time operation on resource-limited devices. In addition, the message passing approach is intuitively appealing and suited to nonlinear and non-Gaussian models. We present message-passing-based multitarget tracking methods for single-sensor and multiple-sensor scenarios, and for a known and unknown number of targets. The presented methods can cope with clutter, missed detections, and an unknown association between targets and measurements. We also discuss the integration of message-passing-based probabilistic data association into existing multitarget tracking methods. The superior performance, low complexity, and attractive scaling properties of the presented methods are verified numerically. In addition to simulated data, we use measured data captured by two radar stations with overlapping fields-of-view observing a large number of targets simultaneously. |
Aliens from planet pittsburgh: how two young roboticists from carnegie mellon pioneered digital lighting
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 201-208 |
| Abstrak | : | The show started at twilight. On a balmy evening last February outside Tasmania's Museum of Old and New Art I sat spellbound, leaning back on a granite bench gazing up at a large white fiberglass canopy that floated several meters above my head. Light projected onto it began to gradually morph from one gorgeous hue to another. Lilac deepened to purple, then shifted to burnt orange, to chartreuse green, and on it went. Meanwhile, through a rectangular aperture cut in the middle of the canopy, the darkening sky seemed mysteriously to lose depth, becoming a flat plane of color that looked as if it had been painted on the ceiling. The interplay between artificial and natural light was hallucinatory: as the hue of the former changed, so apparently did that of the latter. In a silence punctured only by the raucous laughing of a pair of kookaburras the program shimmered on, ending after perhaps an hour, when the sky had become pitch black. A truly magical experience, one that I shall remember as long as I live (Figs. 1-3). |
Semantics-Preserving Cosynthesis of Cyber-Physical Systems
| Pengarang | : | Debayan Roy |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 171-200 |
| Abstrak | : | Software-based control of physical systems is common in domains such as automotive, avionics, and industrial automation. Safety of such systems is determined by control-theoretic properties such as stability, settling time, and peak overshoot. These properties strongly depend on the software code generated from high-level controller models, and the implementation of such code on an embedded platform. To ensure safety, the semantics of the system model considered for controller design must be faithfully preserved in the platform implementation. However, traditionally, controller design and implementation platform design are carried out in isolation, followed by their integration, which often relies on simulations to estimate the behavior of the controllers. Thus, safety properties that were proven at the model level using control-theoretic tools can no longer be established in an actual implementation. This makes the design of embedded control systems costly, error prone, and hinders certification. In this paper, we review recent efforts in control-platform cosynthesis techniques toward addressing this problem. Here, the control and the embedded systems communities have come together to adopt a cyber-physical system (CPS)-oriented design paradigm. This cosynthesis paradigm integrates the design of control algorithms and platform parameters within a holistic optimization framework and accounts for relevant details from both sides. We survey the evolution of design approaches for such cosynthesis and show how-the originally disjoint-controller and the platform design methods are gradually converging. |