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Haptic Codecs for the Tactile Internet
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| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 447-470 |
| Abstrak | : | The Tactile Internet will enable users to physically explore remote environments and to make their skills available across distances. An important technological aspect in this context is the acquisition, compression, transmission, and display of haptic information. In this paper, we present the fundamentals and state of the art in haptic codec design for the Tactile Internet. The discussion covers both kinesthetic data reduction and tactile signal compression approaches. We put a special focus on how limitations of the human haptic perception system can be exploited for efficient perceptual coding of kinesthetic and tactile information. Further aspects addressed in this paper are the multiplexing of audio and video with haptic information and the quality evaluation of haptic communication solutions. Finally, we describe the current status of the ongoing IEEE standardization activity P1918.1.1 which has the ambition to standardize the first set of codecs for kinesthetic and tactile information exchange across communication networks. |
System-on-Chip Platform Security Assurance: Architecture and Validation
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 21-37 |
| Abstrak | : | Modern system-on-chip (SoC) designs include a wide variety of highly sensitive assets which must be protected from unauthorized access. A significant aspect of SoC design involves exploration, analysis, and evaluation of resiliency mechanisms against attacks to such assets. These attacks may arise from a number of sources, including malicious intellectualproperty blocks (IPs) in the hardware, malicious or vulnerable firmware and software, insecure communication of the system with other devices, and side-channel vulnerabilities through power and performance profiles. Countermeasures for these attacks are equally diverse, which include architecture, design, implementation, and validation-based protection. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the security infrastructure in modern SoC designs, including both resiliency techniques and their validation paradigms at presilicon and postsilicon stages. We identify gaps in current resiliency and analysis architectures and propose design and validation solutions to address them. Finally, we provide industry perspectives on the role and impact of current practices on SoC security, and discuss some emerging trends in this important area. |
Cooperative Driving and the Tactile Internet
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 436-466 |
| Abstrak | : | The trend toward autonomous driving and the recent advances in vehicular networking led to a number of very successful proposals in cooperative driving. Maneuvers can be coordinated among participating vehicles and controlled by means of wireless communications. One of the most challenging scenarios or applications in this context is cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) or platooning. When it comes to realizing safety gaps between the cars of less than 5 m, very strong requirements on the communication system need to be satisfied. The underlying distributed control system needs regular updates of sensor information from the other cars in the order of about 10 Hz. This leads to message rates in the order of up to 10 kHz for large networks, which, given the possibly unreliable wireless communication and the critical network congestion, is beyond the capabilities of current vehicular networking concepts. In this paper, we summarize the concepts of networked control systems and revisit the capabilities of current vehicular networking approaches. We then present opportunities of Tactile Internet concepts that integrate interdisciplinary approaches from control theory, mechanical engineering, and communication protocol design. This way, it becomes possible to solve the high reliability and latency issues in this context. |
The Tactile Internet for Industries: A Review
| Pengarang | : | Adnan Aijaz |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 414-435 |
| Abstrak | : | The term Tactile Internet broadly refers to a communication network that is capable of delivering real-time control, touch, and sensing/actuation information through sufficiently reliable, responsive, and intelligent connectivity. Envisioned to enable unprecedented applications, the Tactile Internet provides a promising opportunity to reshape industrial communication and transform the operation of many existing industrial systems. This paper investigates the role of Tactile Internet in current and future industrial systems and reviews the technological trends from legacy industrial networks to emerging industrial wireless networks, and beyond. To this end, this paper begins with an overview of the Tactile Internet. Complementing prior efforts, it presents a taxonomy of the key Tactile Internet applications. This paper covers the relevant background on the emergence of industrial communication. Then, it discusses the role of the Tactile Internet for various industrial systems and identifies the key use cases with respective connectivity requirements. This paper provides a technology landscape for the Tactile Internet to enable high-performance industrial wireless communication. Specifically, it provides insights into the recent Third Generation Partnership Project developments for enabling ultrareliable and low-latency communications over 5G mobile/cellular networks. It also examines the potential of the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15 standards for industrial control applications. Besides, it reviews the role of artificial intelligence and edge-computing platforms in overcoming the imperfections of wireless environments. Finally, this paper provides a roadmap for future, investigating the role of Tactile Internet in next generation industrial systems along with some directions and challenges for future research. |
Safety and Security in Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet-of-Things Systems
| Pengarang | : | Marilyn Wolf |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 106 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 9-20 |
| Abstrak | : | Safety and security have traditionally been distinct problems in engineering and computer science. The introduction of computing elements to create cyber-physical systems (CPSs) has opened up a vast new range of potential problems that do not always show up on the radar of traditional engineers. Security, in contrast, is traditionally viewed as a data or communications security problem to be handled by computer scientists and/or computer engineers. Advances in CPSs and the Internet-of-Things (IoT) requires us to take a unified view of safety and security. This paper defines a safety/security threat model for CPSs and IoT systems and surveys emerging techniques which improve the safety and security of CPSs and IoT systems. |
Multiconnectivity in Multicellular, Multiuser Systems: A Matching- Based Approach
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 394-413 |
| Abstrak | : | Wireless communication systems have been evolving since the first generation. With the fifth generation of wireless systems, not only the evolutionary aspect of increased data rates is tackled but also the revolutionary aspect. Here, emerging use cases such as massive machine-type communication and ultrareliable low-latency communication will play a crucial role. Within this context, applications with stringent latency and reliability requirements are emerging. Wireless reliability is understood as successfully transmitting the desired amount of data within a given time. Diversity techniques, such as multiconnectivity, are potential solutions to achieve stringent reliability requirements. However, in a multiuser scenario, in which resources are shared, this might not always be possible. In this paper, we discuss the feasibility of various multiconnectivity approaches and propose a matching theory-based algorithm together with a novel scheduler aiming to guarantee the reliability requirements of as many users as possible in a multicellular, multiuser system. System-level simulations demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves 100% reliability for the fifth-percentile users in a highly loaded system. The maximum gain of fifth-percentile user throughput as compared to a static multiconnectivity approach is 150%. |
Ultrareliable and Low-Latency Communication Techniques for Tactile Internet Services
| Pengarang | : | Kwang Soon Kim |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 376-393 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper presents novel ultrareliable and low-latency communication (URLLC) techniques for URLLC services, such as Tactile Internet services. Among typical use cases of URLLC services are teleoperation, immersive virtual reality, cooperative automated driving, and so on. In such URLLC services, new kinds of traffic such as haptic information including kinesthetic information and tactile information need to be delivered in addition to high-quality video and audio traffic in traditional multimedia services. Furthermore, such a variety of traffic has various characteristics in terms of packet sizes and data rates with a variety of requirements of latency and reliability. Furthermore, some traffic may occur in a sporadic manner but requires reliable delivery of packets of medium to large sizes within a low latency, which is not supported by current state-of-the-art wireless communication systems and is very challenging for future wireless communication systems. Thus, to meet such a variety of tight traffic requirements in a wireless communication system, novel technologies from the physical layer to the network layer need to be devised. In this paper, some novel physical layer technologies such as waveform multiplexing, multiple-access scheme, channel code design, synchronization, and full-duplex transmission for spectrally efficient URLLC are introduced. In addition, a novel performance evaluation approach, which combines a ray-tracing tool and system-level simulation, is suggested for evaluating the performance of the proposed schemes. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed schemes providing realistic URLLC services in realistic geographical environments, which encourages further efforts to substantiate the proposed work. |
When the grid was the grid: the history of north america’s brief coast-to-coast interconnected machine [scanning our past]
| Pengarang | : | Julie Cohn |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 232-243 |
| Abstrak | : | From 1967 to 1975, a single, giant, interconnecting machine linked together the vast majority of power users in North America. Called the grid, this collection of generators, transmission lines, substations, and related infrastructure operated in near-perfect synchrony to deliver electricity across the continent. Many had envisioned a coast-to-coast grid for decades, but the project was hindered by cost, competing jurisdictions, a wide array of stakeholders with nonaligned interests, and especially technological barriers. Building this machine was an engineering accomplishment of the highest order. But operating the machine was another matter. Though brief within the now long history of electrification, this eight-year period marked a pinnacle of achievement for American engineers and system operators and a phase of instability for the machine itself. |
Architecture and Advanced Electronics Pathways Toward Highly Adaptive Energy- Efficient Computing
| Pengarang | : | Gerhard P. Fettweis |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 204-231 |
| Abstrak | : | With the explosion of the number of compute nodes, the bottleneck of future computing systems lies in the network architecture connecting the nodes. Addressing the bottleneck requires replacing current backplane-based network topologies. We propose to revolutionize computing electronics by realizing embedded optical waveguides for onboard networking and wireless chip-to-chip links at 200-GHz carrier frequency connecting neighboring boards in a rack. The control of novel rate-adaptive optical and mm-wave transceivers needs tight interlinking with the system software for runtime resource management. |
Customizable Computing—From Single Chip to Datacenters
| Pengarang | : | Jason Cong |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 185-203 |
| Abstrak | : | Since its establishment in 2009, the Center for Domain-Specific Computing (CDSC) has focused on customizable computing. We believe that future computing systems will be customizable with extensive use of accelerators, as custom-designed accelerators often provide 10-100X performance/energy efficiency over the general-purpose processors. Such an accelerator-rich architecture presents a fundamental departure from the classical von Neumann architecture, which emphasizes efficient sharing of the executions of different instructions on a common pipeline, providing an elegant solution when the computing resource is scarce. In contrast, the accelerator-rich architecture features heterogeneity and customization for energy efficiency; this is better suited for energy-constrained designs where the silicon resource is abundant and spatial computing is favored-which has been the case with the end of Dennard scaling. Currently, customizable computing has garnered great interest; for example, this is evident by Intel's $17 billion acquisition of Altera in 2015 and Amazon's introduction of field-programmable gate-arrays (FPGAs) in its AWS public cloud. In this paper, we present an overview of the research programs and accomplishments of CDSC on customizable computing, from single chip to server node and to datacenters, with extensive use of composable accelerators and FPGAs. We highlight our successes in several application domains, such as medical imaging, machine learning, and computational genomics. In addition to architecture innovations, an equally important research dimension enables automation for customized computing. This includes automated compilation for combining source-code-level transformation for high-level synthesis with efficient parameterized architecture template generations, and efficient runtime support for scheduling and transparent resource management for integration of FPGAs for datacenter-scale acceleration with support to the existing programming interfaces, such as MapReduce, Hadoop, and Spark, for large-scale distributed computation. We will present the latest progress in these areas, and also discuss the challenges and opportunities ahead. |