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Adaptive 5G Low-Latency Communication for Tactile InternEt Services
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| Pengarang | : | Joachim Sachs |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 325-349 |
| Abstrak | : | The tactile internet will enable a new range of capabilities to enable immersive remote operations and interactions with a physical world. Tactile internet use cases span over many fields, from remote operation of industrial applications in, e.g., hazardous environments, via remote-controlled driving in a fully automated intelligent transport system, to remote surgery where the unique expert skills can be delivered to different locations in the world. Fifth-generation (5G) communication will play a fundamental part in this tactile internet vision, as it will provide necessary capabilities for the demanding communication needs in terms of reliability and low latency, for operators or teleoperated systems that are connected wirelessly. This paper provides an overview of tactile internet services and haptic interactions and communication. The 5G functionality for ultrareliable and low-latency services is described in depth and it is shown how 5G new radio (NR) and the evolved long-term evolution (LTE) radio interface can achieve guaranteed low-latency wireless transmission. The costs for providing reliable and low-latency wireless transmission in terms of reduced spectral efficiency and coverage are discussed. The 5G system architecture with a software-based network design based on a distributed cloud platform is presented. It is shown how the 5G network is configured for tactile internet services via multidomain orchestration. |
The N3XT Approach to Energy-Efficient Abundant-Data Computing
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 19-48 |
| Abstrak | : | The world's appetite for analyzing massive amounts of structured and unstructured data has grown dramatically. The computational demands of these abundant-data applications, such as deep learning, far exceed the capabilities of today's computing systems and are unlikely to be met with isolated improvements in transistor or memory technologies, or integrated circuit architectures alone. To achieve unprecedented functionality, speed, and energy efficiency, one must create transformative nanosystems whose architectures are based on the salient properties of the underlying nanotechnologies. Our Nano-Engineered Computing Systems Technology (N3XT) approach makes such nanosystems possible through new computing system architectures leveraging emerging device (logic and memory) nanotechnologies and their dense 3-D integration with fine-grained connectivity to immerse computing in memory and new logic devices (such as carbon nanotube field-effect transistors for implementing high-speed and low-energy logic circuits) as well as high-density nonvolatile memory (such as resistive memory), and amenable to ultradense (monolithic) 3-D integration of thin layers of logic and memory devices that are fabricated at low temperature. In addition, we explore the use of several device and integration technologies in the N3XT beyond the specific ones mentioned earlier that are also used in our main nanosystem prototypes. We also present an efficient resiliency technique to overcome endurance challenges in certain resistive memory technologies. N3XT hardware prototypes demonstrate the practicality of our architectures. We evaluate the benefits of the N3XT using a simulation framework calibrated using experimental measurements. System-level energy-delay product of common implementations of abundant-data workloads improves by three orders of magnitude in the N3XT compared with conventional architectures. These improvements impact a broad range of application workloads and architecture configurations, from embedded systems to the cloud. |
5G-Based Systems Design for Tactile Internet
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 307-324 |
| Abstrak | : | Tactile internet is defined as a network that offers a response to a physical process or an object in perceived real time. The development of new radio (NR) and long-term evolution (LTE) technologies with tailored high-reliability and low-latency design is expected to reliably transmit data in milliseconds, leading to the promising realization of tactile internet with applications in areas such as factory automation, education, gaming, and healthcare. In this paper, from a physical layer and medium-access control (PHY/MAC) perspective, we discuss the systems design of ultrareliable and low-latency communications (URLLC) in NR and LTE technologies, both belonging to the fifth-generation (5G) wireless technologies. Motivated by the safety and privacy requirements of tactile internet, we also outline the 5G security landscape, major categories of attackers, and potential countermeasures. Finally, we provide a case study of factory automation as an example of the proposed 5G-based tactile internet |
Low-Latency Networking: Where Latency Lurks and How to Tame It
| Pengarang | : | Darmawan, Dudi |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 280-306 |
| Abstrak | : | While the current generation of mobile and fixed communication networks has been standardized for mobile broadband services, the next generation is driven by the vision of the Internet of Things and mission-critical communication services requiring latency in the order of milliseconds or submilliseconds. However, these new stringent requirements have a large technical impact on the design of all layers of the communication protocol stack. The cross-layer interactions are complex due to the multiple design principles and technologies that contribute to the layers' design and fundamental performance limitations. We will be able to develop low-latency networks only if we address the problem of these complex interactions from the new point of view of submilliseconds latency. In this paper, we propose a holistic analysis and classification of the main design principles and enabling technologies that will make it possible to deploy low-latency wireless communication networks. We argue that these design principles and enabling technologies must be carefully orchestrated to meet the stringent requirements and to manage the inherent tradeoffs between low latency and traditional performance metrics. We also review currently ongoing standardization activities in prominent standards associations, and discuss open problems for future research. |
computer graphic re-visited: the virtual reconstruction of one of the first computer art exhibitions [scanning our past]
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 616-629 |
| Abstrak | : | This article describes a reconstruction of the Computer Graphic, one of the first computer art exhibitions, staged in [former] Czechoslovakia in 1968, utilizing the technology of fully immersive virtual reality. |
The IEEE 1918.1 “Tactile Internet” Standards Working Group and its Standards
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 256-279 |
| Abstrak | : | The IEEE “Tactile Internet” (TI) Standards working group (WG), designated the numbering IEEE 1918.1, undertakes pioneering work on the development of standards for the TI. This paper describes the WG, its intentions, and its developing baseline standard and the associated reasoning behind that and touches on a further standard already initiated under its scope: IEEE 1918.1.1 on “Haptic Codecs for the TI.” IEEE 1918.1 and its baseline standard aim to set the framework and act as the foundations for the TI, thereby also serving as a basis for further standards developed on TI within the WG. This paper discusses the aspects of the framework such as its created TI architecture, including the elements, functions, interfaces, and other considerations therein, as well as the novel aspects and differentiating factors compared with, e.g., 5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication, where it is noted that the TI will likely operate as an overlay on other networks or combinations of networks. Key foundations of the WG and its baseline standard are also highlighted, including the intended use cases and associated requirements that the standard must serve, and the TI's fundamental definition and assumptions as understood by the WG, among other aspects. |
Inside the Organization: Why Privacy and Security Engineering Is a Challenge for Engineers
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 600-615 |
| Abstrak | : | Machine ethics is a key challenge in times when digital systems play an increasing role in people's lives. At the core of machine ethics is the handling of personal data and the security of machine operations. Yet, privacy and security engineering are a challenge in today's business world where personal data markets, corporate deadlines, and a lack of perfectionism frame the context in which engineers need to work. Besides these organizational and market challenges, each engineer has his or her specific view on the importance of these values that can foster or inhibit taking them into consideration. We present the results of an empirical study of 124 engineers based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Jonas' Principle of Responsibility to understand the drivers and impediments of ethical system development as far as privacy and security engineering are concerned. We find that many engineers find the two values important, but do not enjoy working on them. We also find that many struggle with the organizational environment: They face a lack of time and autonomy that is necessary for building ethical systems, even at this basic level. Organizations' privacy and security norms are often too weak or even oppose value-based design, putting engineers in conflict with their organizations. Our data indicate that it is largely engineers' individually perceived responsibility as well as a few character traits that make a positive difference to ethical system development. |
Engineering-Based Design Methodology for Embedding Ethics in Autonomous Robots
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 582-599 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper explores the design process of robotics and autonomous systems using a co-design approach, applied ethics, and values-driven methods. Specifically, the approach seeks to move beyond traditional risk assessment toward a greater consideration of end-user exposure. The goal of the ethics-based co-design approach is to identify end-user and stakeholder values that guide the minimization of end-user vulnerability associated with the employment of autonomous systems. This design process is also used to identify positive consequences that probably increase human well-being as opposed to simply avoiding harm. We argue that biomedical autonomous systems design, during the preclinical phase, should bring together diverse stakeholders that would not traditionally be involved in design. We also argue that embedding ethical considerations in the engineering design process should bring together a diverse range of stakeholders to more accurately appreciate possible end-user implications of a design. With complex systems design, such as biotechnologies, greater awareness is necessary of the ethical implications of designed autonomy to end-user exposure. |
Clarifying Privacy, Property, and Power: Case Study on Value Conflict Between Communities
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 575-581 |
| Abstrak | : | This study analyzes the value conflict of a paper on fan fiction writing that used online fan fiction novels as a source to extract and filter sexual expressions from text. The boundaries of public and private information are ambiguous because users are not always aware of or have agreed to the fact that their content is to be used openly. The case was complicated by the fact that the use of these data by researchers violated an unconsciously infringed upon right of a vulnerable community with a weak legal position. This paper describes the debate on this topic among researchers from engineering and humanities fields on whether the purpose of the research was ethically acceptable; how the systems can be embedded in ethical values; and what ethical, legal, social, and educational lessons are appropriate for governance of artificial intelligence (AI). Our analysis aimed not only to clarify the abstract concept of privacy but also to make changes to the submission guidelines for authors. We hope that our analysis contributes to the governance of ethical AIs and AI ethics on handling sensitive aspects of online activities. |
Transitions: A Protocol-Independent View of the Future Internet
| Pengarang | : | Bastian Alt |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 835-846 |
| Abstrak | : | Countless novel approaches to communication protocols, overlay networks, and distributed middleware are published every year, yet the adoption of such novel findings in the global Internet landscape progresses at a slow pace. Many of such new communication mechanisms excel (only) under specific deployment conditions, while user mobility and application usage patterns lead to dynamic operation conditions. This mismatch is one reason that makes a wide deployment of new specialized mechanisms particularly hard as observed, for example, for multipath transport protocol extensions until the emergence of multipath transmission control protocol (TCP). This paper formalizes the concept of Transitions, i.e., a method to instrumentalize adaptivity at runtime in communication systems. It allows to exchange communication mechanisms in a running system to optimize the communication quality. In the following, we describe the building blocks required to: 1) capture the features and relations within a communication system and 2) express and optimize the decision making process in such a system. We show how this concept maps intuitively to the Internet model which makes a protocol-independent deployment of applications feasible in the future Internet. |