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Self-Organization and Resilience for Networked Systems: Design Principles and Open Research Issues
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| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 819-834 |
| Abstrak | : | Networked systems form the backbone of modern society, underpinning critical infrastructures such as electricity, water, transport and commerce, and other essential services (e.g., information, entertainment, and social networks). It is almost inconceivable to contemplate a future without even more dependence on them. Indeed, any unavailability of such critical systems is - even for short periods - a rather bleak prospect. However, due to their increasing size and complexity, they also require some means of autonomic formation and self-organization. This paper identifies the design principles and open research issues in the twin fields of self-organization and resilience for networked systems. In combination, they offer the prospect of combating threats and allowing essential services that run on networked systems to continue operating satisfactorily. This will be achieved, on the one hand, through the (self-)adaptation of networked systems and, on the other hand, through structural and operational resilience techniques to ensure that they can detect, defend against, and ultimately withstand challenges. |
Motivations and Risks of Machine Ethics Publisher: IEEE
| Pengarang | : | Stephen Cave |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 562-574 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper surveys reasons for and against pursuing the field of machine ethics, understood as research aiming to build “ethical machines.” We clarify the nature of this goal, why it is worth pursuing, and the risks involved in its pursuit. First, we survey and clarify some of the philosophical issues surrounding the concept of an “ethical machine” and the aims of machine ethics. Second, we argue that while there are good prima facie reasons for pursuing machine ethics, including the potential to improve the ethical alignment of both humans and machines, there are also potential risks that must be considered. Third, we survey these potential risks and point to where research should be devoted to clarifying and managing potential risks. We conclude by making some recommendations about the questions that future work could address. |
On Proactive, Transparent, and Verifiable Ethical Reasoning for Robots
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 541-561 |
| Abstrak | : | Previous work on ethical machine reasoning has largely been theoretical, and where such systems have been implemented, it has, in general, been only initial proofs of principle. Here, we address the question of desirable attributes for such systems to improve their real world utility, and how controllers with these attributes might be implemented. We propose that ethically critical machine reasoning should be proactive, transparent, and verifiable. We describe an architecture where the ethical reasoning is handled by a separate layer, augmenting a typical layered control architecture, ethically moderating the robot actions. It makes use of a simulation-based internal model and supports proactive, transparent, and verifiable ethical reasoning. To do so, the reasoning component of the ethical layer uses our Python-based belief-desire-intention (BDI) implementation. The declarative logic structure of BDI facilitates both transparency, through logging of the reasoning cycle, and formal verification methods. To prove the principles of our approach, we use a case study implementation to experimentally demonstrate its operation. Importantly, it is the first such robot controller where the ethical machine reasoning has been formally verified. |
Elements of Application-Layer Internetworking for Adaptive Self-Organizing Networks
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 797-818 |
| Abstrak | : | By providing a global infrastructure for information exchange, the Internet has had a transformational impact on society at large. At the same time, a number of indicators, among them an observed ossification phenomenon, raise concerns about the ability of the Internet to support future communication needs and stipulate interest in alternative methods for internetworking. This paper considers an internetworking approach based on self-organizing application-layer networks. Rather than building a single global infrastructure that provides universal access, these networks take advantage of a diverse collection of network infrastructures to interconnect users and devices participating in a networked application. In this paper, we discuss aspects such as scalability, ability to adapt after disruptions, heterogeneous substrate networks, distributed security, and dynamically created network services. The discussions are supported by numerous measurement experiments. |
A Value-Driven Eldercare Robot: Virtual and Physical Instantiations of a Case-Supported Principle-Based Behavior Paradigm
| Pengarang | : | Michael Anderson |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 526-540 |
| Abstrak | : | In this paper, a case-supported principle-based behavior paradigm is proposed to help ensure ethical behavior of autonomous machines. We argue that ethically significant behavior of autonomous systems should be guided by explicit ethical principles determined through a consensus of ethicists. Such a consensus is likely to emerge in many areas in which autonomous systems are apt to be deployed and for the actions they are liable to undertake. We believe that this is the case since we are more likely to agree on how machines ought to treat us than on how human beings ought to treat one another. Given such a consensus, particular cases of ethical dilemmas where ethicists agree on the ethically relevant features and the right course of action can be used to help discover principles that balance these features when they are in conflict. Such principles not only help ensure ethical behavior of complex and dynamic systems but also can serve as a basis for justification of this behavior. The requirements, methods, implementation, and evaluation components of the paradigm are detailed as well as its instantiation in both a simulated and real robot functioning in the domain of eldercare. |
Designing a Value-Driven Future for Ethical Autonomous and Intelligent Systems
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 518-525 |
| Abstrak | : | Codes of ethics provide a critical foundation for an organization to define the tenets that best reflect their values. These codes provide a touchstone for employees to follow that establishes trust between an organization and their customers and key stakeholders. The rapid acceleration of autonomous and intelligent systems (A/IS) has created an imperative for technologists to complement these codes with new methodologies focused on the widespread implementation of ethical considerations in all levels of design and manufacture. This paper describes IEEE's work in this arena, including the IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems, the IEEE TechEthics program, the IEEE P7000 Standards Series focused on A/IS issues, Digital Inclusion through Trust and Agency, and the ongoing work of the IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology. This paper also includes a table of approximately 50 activities within the IEEE related to ethics. |
Learning and Management for Internet of Things: Accounting for Adaptivity and Scalability
| Pengarang | : | Tianyi Chen |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 778-796 |
| Abstrak | : | Internet of Things (IoT) envisions an intelligent infrastructure of networked smart devices offering task-specific monitoring and control services. The unique features of IoT include extreme heterogeneity, massive number of devices, and unpredictable dynamics partially due to human interaction. These call for foundational innovations in network design and management. Ideally, it should allow efficient adaptation to changing environments, and low-cost implementation scalable to a massive number of devices, subject to stringent latency constraints. To this end, the overarching goal of this paper is to outline a unified framework for online learning and management policies in IoT through joint advances in communication, networking, learning, and optimization. From the network architecture vantage point, the unified framework leverages a promising fog architecture that enables smart devices to have proximity access to cloud functionalities at the network edge, along the cloud-to-things continuum. From the algorithmic perspective, key innovations target online approaches adaptive to different degrees of nonstationarity in IoT dynamics, and their scalable model-free implementation under limited feedback that motivates blind or bandit approaches. The proposed framework aspires to offer a stepping stone that leads to systematic designs and analysis of task-specific learning and management schemes for IoT, along with a host of new research directions to build on. |
Machine Ethics: The Design and Governance of Ethical AI and Autonomous Systems [Scanning the Issue]
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 509-517 |
| Abstrak | : | The so-called fourth industrial revolution and its economic and societal implications are no longer solely an academic concern, but a matter for political as well as public debate. Characterized as the convergence of robotics, AI, autonomous systems and information technology – or cyberphysical systems – the fourth industrial revolution was the focus of the World Economic Forum, at Davos, in 2016 [1]. Also in 2016 the US White House initiated a series of public workshops on artificial intelligence (AI) and the creation of an interagency working group, and the European Parliament Committee for Legal Affairs published a draft report with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics. |
Energy-Adaptive Error Correcting for Dynamic and Heterogeneous Networks
| Pengarang | : | Haewon Jeong |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 765-777 |
| Abstrak | : | In an era of ever-increasing dynamicity and heterogeneity of wireless networks, energy is fast becoming the most constrained resource. First, we review recent studies that suggest that using one single error-correcting code (ECC) designed to meet the worst case requirement is inefficient in terms of energy consumption when there are many heterogeneous nodes in the network. These works extend the classical Shannon theory and incorporate circuit energy and signal transmit energy to optimize total energy/power consumption of today's communication systems. Then, we survey recent work on designing adaptive ECCs to operate energy efficiently even in the presence of extremely large heterogeneity in requirements and conditions. Two constructions of energy-adaptive codes are summarized: energy-adaptive low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and energy-adaptive polar codes. These constructions have shown theoretically and empirically that having adaptivity in code design can save substantial energy, especially when the network has very diverse communication scenarios. Finally, we suggest a few possible applications where energy-adaptive codes can be employed and outline interesting future directions and challenges. |
Toward the Agile and Comprehensive International Governance of AI and Robotics [point of view]
| Pengarang | : | Wendell Wallach |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 505-508 |
| Abstrak | : | Rapidly emerging technologies, such as AI and robotics, present a serious challenge to traditional models of government regulation. These technologies are advancing so quickly that in many sectors, traditional regulation cannot keep up, given the cumbersome procedural and bureaucratic procedures and safeguards that modern legislative and rulemaking processes require. Consequently, regulatory systems will predictively fail to put in place appropriately tailored regulatory measures by the time new applications of fast-moving technologies begin to affect society. Perhaps even worse, if a regulatory system does somehow manage to rush into place new regulations for an emerging technology, they will likely be obsolete by the time the ink dries on the enactment. Given this so-called “pacing problem,” traditional regulatory approaches will either produce no regulation or bad regulation [1]. |