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Software-Defined Networking Enhanced Edge Computing: A Network-Centric Survey
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| Pengarang | : | An Wang |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 8) |
| Halaman | : | 1500-1519 |
| Abstrak | : | Edge computing is burgeoning along with the rapidly increasing adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT). While there are studies on various aspects of edge computing, we find there is a lack of network perspective. In this paper, we, thus, first present an overview of how software-defined networking (SDN) and related technologies are being investigated in edge computing. Our purpose is to survey the state of the art and discuss the potential (remaining) challenges for future research. For this, we survey how SDN and related technologies are integrated to facilitate the management and operations of edge servers and various IoT devices. For the former, we review how SDN has been utilized in the access network, the core network, and the wide area network (WAN) between the edge and the cloud. For the latter, we focus on how SDN is leveraged to provide unified and programmable interfaces to manage devices. Through our discussion, we suggest that the SDN-related network support for edge computing deserves more in-depth investigations. We also identify several challenges and open issues to be addressed in the future. |
A Survey of Virtual Machine Management in Edge Computing
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 8) |
| Halaman | : | 1482-1499 |
| Abstrak | : | Many edge computing systems rely on virtual machines (VMs) to deliver their services. It is challenging, however, to deploy the virtualization mechanisms on edge computing hardware infrastructures. In this paper, we introduce the engineering and research trends of achieving efficient VM management in edge computing. We elaborate on: 1) the virtualization frameworks for edge computing developed in both the industry and the academia; 2) the virtualization techniques tailored for edge computing; 3) the placement and scheduling algorithms optimized for edge computing; and 4) the research problems in security related to virtualization of edge computing. |
Electric Vehicles for Smart Buildings: A Survey on Applications, Energy Management Methods, and Battery Degradation
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 109 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1128-1144 |
| Abstrak | : | Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have the highest promise for dramatically reducing transportation emissions. No other option has comparable emission reduction potential or as a promising pathway. Still, PEVs can offer more than green transportation. In particular, their onboard storage can further serve the society by providing an energy buffer to increase the reliability, affordability, and sustainability of electric services. These benefits are only achievable by fully exploiting the multifaceted flexibility provided by PEVs' mobility, charging adaptability, and bidirectional flow of power, as well as adopting effective decision-making and control algorithms, while minding the likely unfavorable side effects, such as shortened battery life span. This work takes a closer look at different elements of this puzzle. The main subject of this survey is behind the meter energy management with vehicle to building (V2B). We focus on different V2B application ideas and review energy management methods in smart buildings with V2B integration. Recent findings on battery capacity fade resulting from the bidirectional flow of power and extra discharging cycles with V2B are reviewed, and the methods for integrating the battery degradation in energy management formulation are discussed. Finally, the main findings of this review and research gaps are summarized and clarified. |
Electric/Hybrid-Electric Aircraft Propulsion Systems
| Pengarang | : | Patrick Wheeler |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 109 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1115-1127 |
| Abstrak | : | The idea of electric propulsion for transportation is not new; indeed, the first cars, nearly 200 years ago, were electric. However, our dependence on fossil fuels over the last 100 years is now being questioned, and as a global society, we are moving toward more-electric transportation solutions. Electric propulsion of aircraft is part of this trend, either all-electric or through a large variety of the proposed hybrid propulsion systems. This article considers some of these systems, their technological requirements, and the ongoing research and development in motors and drives necessary to make this technological change a feasible option for the future of passenger flight. |
Toward Holistic Energy Management Strategies for Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles in Heavy-Duty Applications
| Pengarang | : | Thomas Rudolf |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 109 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1094-1114 |
| Abstrak | : | The increasing need to slow down climate change for environmental protection demands further advancements toward regenerative energy and sustainable mobility. While individual mobility applications are assumed to be satisfied with improving battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the growing sector of freight transport and heavy-duty applications requires alternative solutions to meet the requirements of long ranges and high payloads. Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FCHEVs) emerge as a capable technology for high-energy applications. This technology comprises a fuel cell system (FCS) for energy supply combined with buffering energy storages, such as batteries or ultracapacitors. In this article, recent successful developments regarding FCHEVs in various heavy-duty applications are presented. Subsequently, an overview of the FCHEV drivetrain, its main components, and different topologies with an emphasis on heavy-duty trucks is given. In order to enable system layout optimization and energy management strategy (EMS) design, functionality and modeling approaches for the FCS, battery, ultracapacitor, and further relevant subsystems are briefly described. Afterward, common methodologies for EMSs are structured, presenting a new taxonomy for dynamic optimization-based EMSs from a control engineering perspective. Finally, the findings lead to a guideline toward holistic EMSs, encouraging the co-optimization of system design, and EMS development for FCHEVs. For the EMS, we propose a layered model predictive control (MPC) approach, which takes velocity planning, the mitigation of degradation effects, and the auxiliaries into account simultaneously. |
Hybrid and Electric Vehicle HEV/EV Technologies for Off-Road Applications
| Pengarang | : | M. Abul Masrur |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 109 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1077-1093 |
| Abstrak | : | Hybrid and electric vehicle (HEV/EV) technology is reasonably mature at this time, with a few million vehicles around in the world, and there is a significant amount of literature in the public domain on this subject. However, there is not enough literature on the application of this technology for off-road vehicles, including construction equipment, other industrial utility vehicles, and nonautomotive applications, such as a locomotive, ships, or airborne vehicles. With this in mind, the author presents here the topic and its current status. In addition, the author discusses the issue related to the decision-making process before the above technology is introduced for any HEV/EV application so that one is assured that the technology will bring benefit if applied for a particular purpose. |
Reliability of Power Electronic Systems for EV/HEV Applications
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 109 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1060-1076 |
| Abstrak | : | The electrification of the transportation sector is moving on at a fast pace. All car manufacturers have strong programs to electrify their car fleet to fulfill the demands of society and customers by offering carbon-neutral technologies to bring goods and persons from one location to another. Power electronics technology is, in this evolution, essential and also in a rapid development technology-wise. Some of the introduced technologies are quite mature, and the systems designed must have high reliability as they can be quite complicated from an electrical perspective. Therefore, this article focuses on the reliability of the used power electronic systems applied in electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid EVs (HEVs). It introduces the reliability requirements and challenges given for the power electronics applied in EV/HEV applications. Then, the advances in power electronic components to address the reliability challenges are introduced as they individually contribute to the overall system reliability. The reliability-oriented design methodology is also discussed, including two examples: an EV onboard charger and the drive train inverter. Finally, an outlook in terms of research opportunities in power electronics reliability related to EV/HEVs is provided. It can be concluded that many topics are already well handled in terms of reliability, but issues related to complete new technology introduction are important to keep the focus on. |
Electric Drive Technology Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities for Future Electric Vehicles
| Pengarang | : | Iqbal Husain |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 109 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1039-1059 |
| Abstrak | : | The transition to electric road transport technologies requires electric traction drive systems to offer improved performances and capabilities, such as fuel efficiency (in terms of MPGe, i.e., miles per gallon of gasoline-equivalent), extended range, and fast-charging options. The enhanced electrification and transformed mobility are translating to a demand for higher power and more efficient electric traction drive systems that lead to better fuel economy for a given battery charge. To accelerate the mass-market adoption of electrified transportation, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), in collaboration with the automotive industry, has announced the technical targets for light-duty electric vehicles (EVs) for 2025. This article discusses the electric drive technology trends for passenger electric and hybrid EVs with commercially available solutions in terms of materials, electric machine and inverter designs, maximum speed, component cooling, power density, and performance. The emerging materials and technologies for power electronics and electric motors are presented, identifying the challenges and opportunities for even more aggressive designs to meet the need for next-generation EVs. Some innovative drive and motor designs with the potential to meet the DOE 2025 targets are also discussed. |
Status and Gap in Rechargeable Lithium Battery Supply Chain: Importance of Quantitative Failure Analysis
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 109 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1029-1038 |
| Abstrak | : | Rechargeable lithium batteries (RLBs), including lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), are accelerating the electrification of transportation and grid energy storage. This transformation of the transportation and energy sector could bring more clean energy into our energy security. The RLB technology is growing rapidly in these sectors due to substantial cost reductions and mobility needs. Yet, the durability, reliability, and safety issues of RLB remain concerns due to the nature of high-energy content in RLB. The concern of limited resources of the critical materials to sustain the RLB use is also escalated. Reuse and recycling of RLB to extend the useful life and recovery of the critical materials become important. Here, we provide a critical review of these topics to give a timely assessment of the status and gap of the RLB technologies and their supply chain. A key concept to use a quantitative failure mode and effect analysis is proposed to help advance RLB design, development, manufacturing, and deployment. The approach can be a viable method to enable physical principle-based technology assessment, failure identification, quantification, and verification of reliability and safety issues in the RLB supply chain. |
A Critical Review of Advanced Electric Machines and Control Strategies for Electric Vehicles
| Pengarang | : | Chunhua Liu |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 109 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1004-1028 |
| Abstrak | : | Transportation electrification has attracted much attention in modern society. Among all electrified transportation tools, electric vehicle (EV) is absolutely the one that has great potential to compete with and further take the place of traditional fossil fuel vehicles. This article is to outline and investigate advanced electric machines and their control strategies for EV applications. The key is not only to reveal new design ideas, topologies, structures, methodologies, control strategies, pros and cons, and foresight for advanced electric machines but also to fully integrate these ideas into practical EV applications. This critical review will clarify the development trends of electric machines and their controls. |