OPAC - Pencarian Artikel Jurnal & Majalah Library USD
Menampilkan semua artikel (Halaman 739 dari 34166, Total: 341652 data)
Affordable Energy for Humanity: A Global Movement to Support Universal Clean Energy Access
klik untuk membaca file PDF
| Pengarang | : | Jatin Nathwani |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 1780-1789 |
| Abstrak | : | Bold actions are necessary to unlock the potential for economic empowerment by eradicating energy poverty (UN Sustainable Development Goal 7) by 2030. This will require a sustained commitment to significant levels of new investments. Delivering on the promise of universal energy access and improved life quality has eluded policy-makers and governments over the past seven decades. Affordability of energy services for every global citizen, spanning vastly diverse regions and local contexts, requires the development and massive diffusion of technologies that offer “point-of-use” options combined with new business models. Social innovations and flexible governance approaches will also need to be integrated with technological advances. The scope and scale of developmental change span large-scale grid systems to decentralized distributed resources at community levels to the households. We recommend a global network of “energy access innovation centers” dedicated to providing a dynamic “extension service” that bolsters the entire supply chain of talent and expertise, design and operational requirements of system deployment and capacity to embed low-cost, high-performance next-generation technological solutions in the field. To meet the needs of those at the base of the economic and social pyramid, the dual challenges of economic development and transition to a low-carbon energy future make clean energy access the quintessential challenge of the 21st century. |
Data Standardization for Smart Infrastructure in First-Access Electricity Systems
| Pengarang | : | Taha Selim Ustun |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 1790-1802 |
| Abstrak | : | Recent developments in renewable energy and information technology (IT) fields made it easier to set up power systems at a smaller scale. This proved to be a turning point for developing first-access electricity systems for the underserved locations around the world. However, there are planning and operation challenges due to lack of past data on such places. Deployment of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices and proliferation of smart infrastructures with additional sensors will lead to tremendous opportunities for gathering very useful data. For different stakeholders to access and manage these data, trusted and standardized mechanisms need to be in place. Storing proper data in a well-structured common format allows for collaborative research across disciplines, large-scale analytics, and sharing of algorithms and methodologies, in addition to improved customer service. Data standardization plays a more vital role in the context of electricity access in the underdeveloped countries, where there is no past data on generation or consumption as in utility grids. Data collected in a standard structure, being it for a short period of time, facilitate learning from the past experiences, monitoring the current projects, and delivering better results in the future endeavors. It will result in ways to better assist consumers and help the industry operate more efficiently by sharing data with different stakeholders. It can also enhance competition, thus making electricity accessible faster and to more people. The focus of this article is data standardization for first-access electricity systems, in general, and renewable energy-based microgrids, in particular. Different data sources and ways that the corresponding data can be exploited, technological and capacity constraints for storage of data, political and governance implications, as well as data security and privacy issues, are examined. This article is relevant to different stakeholders, such as investors, public utilities, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and communities. Using the data standardization approach developed here, it is possible to create a much-needed first-access electricity system database. This will provide an important resource for project developers and energy companies to assess the potential of a certain unelectrified site, estimating its demand growth in time and establishing universal control systems that can seamlessly communicate with different components. |
Few-Mode Fiber Technology, Deployments, and Systems
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 110 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 1804-1820 |
| Abstrak | : | Mode-division multiplexing (MDM) using few-mode fibers (FMFs) appears as a promising technology to increase fiber capacity by a few orders of magnitude and sustain the traffic demand for the decades to come. The potential of MDM lies in its ability to exploit multiple modes within a single optical fiber strand. Since 2011 and the first promising demonstrations, impressive progress has been made. In this article, we will show how the most recent advances in design and fabrication have improved the performance of FMFs and MDM systems, and allowed to turn research demonstrations into practical deployments. |
Review and Perspectives on Data Sharing and Privacy in Expanding Electricity Access
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 1803-1819 |
| Abstrak | : | Increased sensing and data collection in electric power systems from utility to minigrid to individual household scale are resulting in an explosion of data collection about users and providers of electricity services. In the push to expand energy access for poor communities, the collection, use, and curation of these data have historically taken a back seat to the goal of expanding energy access but are increasingly being recognized as important issues. We review the nascent literature on this topic, characterize current data management practices, and examine how expanding access to data and data sharing are likely to provide value and pose risks to key stakeholders: end users of electricity, microutilities, macroutilities, governments, development institutions, and researchers. We identify the key opportunities and tensions and provide recommendations for the design and implementation of new data-sharing practices and platforms. Our review and analysis suggest that although a common and open platform for sharing technical data can mitigate risks and enable efficiency, fewer benefits are likely to be realized from sharing detailed financial data. We also recommend codesigning practices with each stakeholder group, increasing legal protections for end users of electricity and using deep qualitative data in addition to quantitative metrics. |
Randomly-Coupled Multi-Core Fiber Technology
| Pengarang | : | Tetsuya Hayashi |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 110 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 1786-1803 |
| Abstrak | : | Randomly-coupled multi-core fiber (MCF) technology has come to attract lots of attention because of its strong applicability to long-haul transmission systems. Compared with weakly-coupled MCFs with independent cores, it can simultaneously realize higher spatial channel density and ultralow transmission loss using existing ultralow-loss single-mode fiber (SMF) core designs. The strong mode coupling characteristics of randomly-coupled MCFs can provide favorable optical properties, such as suppressed accumulation of modal dispersion (MD), mode-dependent loss (MDL), and nonlinear impairments. This article gives an overview of randomly-coupled MCF technology advancements. First, we describe the classification and design of randomly-coupled MCFs and explain what the randomly-coupled MCFs are and how they are designed. State-of-the-art randomly-coupled MCFs can accommodate four, seven, or 12 cores in a standard 125- μm cladding while achieving ultralow transmission loss and/or small MD, which are very promising for long-haul transmission media. Next, we present the methods to characterize the optical properties of randomly-coupled MCFs and the difference compared to conventional SMF measurements. We also show the low-loss low-MDL connectivity of this type of MCF and the cabling that can suppress MD. A field-deployed randomly-coupled MCF cable testbed is also presented, which confirmed the favorable optical properties of randomly-coupled MCFs after deployment. Then, multi-core amplifier technologies are briefly summarized, and finally, we discuss the performance improvements in the transmissions over randomly-coupled MCFs and suitable application areas. |
Renewable Energy Integration in Alaska’s Remote Islanded Microgrids: Economic Drivers, Technical Strategies, Technological Niche Development, and Policy Implications
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 1820-1837 |
| Abstrak | : | Alaska has over 200 communities operating remote islanded microgrids that are not connected to each other or to the North American electric grid. These communities range in size from a few dozen to a few thousand residents and rely heavily on fossil fuels-primarily imported diesel-to generate electricity. This has resulted in some of the highest energy costs in the nation (over $1/kWh in some locations) and a strong incentive to invest in renewable energy as a strategy for reducing these costs. This article explores technical challenges and associated mitigation strategies of renewable energy integration, including lessons learned from the implementation of over 70 renewable-diesel hybrid microgrids in Alaska utilizing a wide range of resource and technology solutions. This article also reviews the underlying socio-political and economic landscape that has allowed Alaska to emerge as an early adopter of microgrid-enabling technologies and includes a discussion of Alaska's energy programs and policies and how they impact project development. The results of this article show that the primary technical hurdles for renewable energy integration in Alaska's remote islanded microgrids include management of distributed energy resources and design for reliable and resilient operation with intermittent high-penetration renewable generation. Additionally, economic drivers include extremely high energy costs, a highly deregulated utility market with dozens of certificated utilities, state investment in infrastructure, and modest subsidies that create a technological niche where renewable energy projects are cost-competitive at current market prices. Many of the evolving technical strategies and lessons learned from renewable integration projects in Alaska's remote islanded microgrids could help inform project development in other markets, despite differences in climate and geography. |
Weakly Coupled Multicore Fiber Technology, Deployment, and Systems
| Pengarang | : | Takashi Matsui |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 110 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 1772-1785 |
| Abstrak | : | Space-division multiplexing (SDM) technology is a promising candidate to achieve massive parallelism in optical fiber cables and overcome the capacity limitation of the conventional single-mode fiber (SMF). Among the several kinds of SDM fiber, a weakly coupled multicore fiber (MCF) is advantageous in that it can be easily upgraded for use in existing equipment and requires no complex signal processing for optical multi-input multi-output (MIMO). In this article, we discuss the progress and standardization activity of MCF technologies from the viewpoint of accelerating the practical application of SDM technology. We first describe the possible application areas of SDM fibers and then show the recent progress of the essential technologies to construct the MCF link: the MCF itself, its splicing and connectorization, and the input/output techniques. We also discuss the availability and deployability of MCF as a large-capacity transmission medium and detail the progress on establishing a new international standard for SDM technology, which includes both historical progress and more recent endeavors on the standardization of optical fiber cables and SDM technology in International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). We close with a summary of MCF technology and its standardization activity with an eye to next-generation transmission systems and the long-term development of ultralarge capacity SDM transmission technology. |
Renewable Energy Integration in Diesel-Based Microgrids at the Canadian Arctic
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 1838-1856 |
| Abstrak | : | The effect of climate change is significant in the arctic regions of the world, with the carbon footprint from diesel-only based electricity generation in remote arctic communities adding to the environmental degradation through greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, oil spills, and black carbon. Moreover, the dependence on diesel and its associated costs are an economic problem for these communities, particularly in the Canadian Arctic, where governments subsidize this fuel. Thus, this article presents specific studies including new variable-speed generator (VSG) technologies that demonstrate the feasibility, impact, and benefits of introducing renewable energy (RE) together with VSGs in remote microgrids in the Canadian Arctic. More specifically, this article describes a two-step procedure to select remote communities for detailed feasibility studies of deployment of RE sources, including a generation expansion planning (GEP) framework and optimization model for RE and new VSG integration applied to the selected communities, to minimize diesel dependence of isolated microgrids and maximize the incorporation of environmentally friendly generation technologies. The proposed approach is applied to communities in Nunavut and the North West Territories in the Canadian Arctic, based on actual data, to study the technoeconomic feasibility of RE integration and develop business cases for diesel generation replacement with RE and VSG generation in these communities. The obtained optimal plans contain diesel-RE hybrid combinations that would yield substantial economic savings and reductions on GHG emissions, which are being used as the base for actual deployments in some of the studied communities. |
Lowering Electricity Access Barriers by Means of Participative Processes Applied to Microgrid Solutions: The Chilean Case
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 107 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 1857-1871 |
| Abstrak | : | Many people across Latin America still do not have access to reliable electricity. Although Chile exhibits a comparatively high electricity coverage, many barriers are still present for the development of sustainable energy supply solutions exploiting local renewable energy sources. To face this challenge, a coconstruction methodology is proposed, which considers a flexible and participatory design with continuous communication between the technical team of the project and the community, thus ensuring informed decision making around the project design. In this context, microgrid-based solutions offer an ideal opportunity to exploit the integration of energy sources adapted to the specific local characteristics. The coconstruction methodology allows the identification of local requirements, less often considered for design procedures based on a traditional approach, in a joint work with the communities so that the technological solution is tailored for it. Consequently, different technical solutions (design adaptations and innovations) have been proposed and developed under this framework, such as: energy management systems, demand response strategies, microgrid applications for Mapuche communities, microformers, a monitoring system that includes social aspects, and vehicle to grid for microgrids. This paper summarizes the experience of several microgrid projects in Chile, identifies risks, impacts, control actions, and discusses their replicability to the Latin American and the Caribbean region. |
Ultrahigh Fiber Count and High-Density Cables, Deployments, and Systems
| Pengarang | : | Davis, Elizabeth A.,Beyer, Carrie J. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 110 (No. 11) |
| Halaman | : | 1760-1771 |
| Abstrak | : | Since the 1980s, the single-core optical fiber cable has been the essential data transmission wiring media, with ongoing increases in deployments. Its use case has broadened, with transmission distances ranging from meters to 10000s km, including intrabuilding, fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), terrestrial, and even submarine trunk lines. Currently, optical fiber cable deployment is strongly driven by cloud-based storage, X as a Service (XaaS), and worldwide data center (DC) functionality with the optical interconnection of massive servers on DC campuses. Hence, it is quite natural that the optical fiber cable industry has developed ultrahigh fiber count, high density, and small diameter optical fiber cable, e.g., 6912-fiber-count cable. With high-density cables, massive data capacity can be installed at one time while saving limited space in an underground duct. High-density cable designs have been developed not just by cable structure optimization but through the process of bundling fibers and the use of high-grade optical fibers. Moreover, many enabling technologies have been developed to support the deployment of ultrahigh fiber count cables, such as fiber identification, connectors, mass fusion splicing, and storage systems for fusion splicing points. In this article, state-of-the-art technologies and prospects for ultrahigh-count and ultrahigh-density optical fiber cables and enabling technologies are explained. |