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Introducing quantum computing to high school students with Grover's search algorithm
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| Pengarang | : | Mark S. Hannum |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 78-87 |
| Abstrak | : | The noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era is progressing rapidly and giving both physics researchers and quantum computing companies (and their investors) strong indications that we could be on the cusp of the next quantum revolution. In addition to pushing science forward, we cannot ignore the development of the future workforce. This paper provides a detailed description of a quantum computing activity used in a high school physics course that applies Grover's algorithm to solve Boolean satisfiability problems. The details of the algorithm are first presented before the activity is described. Based on informal feedback from students, a case is made that the described activity is an effective means of introducing the field of quantum computing to high school students that builds interest in the field to support the development of a future workforce. |
Simple portable quantum key distribution for science outreach
| Pengarang | : | Pedro Neto Mendes; Paulo Andre; Emmanuel Zambrini Cruzeiro |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 69-77 |
| Abstrak | : | Quantum key distribution (QKD) has become an essential technology in the realm of secure communication, with applications ranging from secure data transmission to quantum networks. This paper presents a simple, compact, and cost-effective setup for undergraduate tutorial demonstrations of QKD. It relies on using weak coherent pulses, which can be readily produced using an attenuated laser. The system employs the simplified three-state BB84 protocol in free space, with states encoded using linear polarization. Polarization encoding can be done passively or actively, depending on the budget available. Time multiplexing is implemented at the receiver to reduce the number of required detectors. Only two detectors are used to implement measurements on two bases, with a total of four outcomes. The result demonstrates the practicality of the system for free-space quantum communication, and its compact and portable nature makes it particularly suitable for pedagogical demonstrations. This work paves the way for engaging undergraduate students in the field of quantum communication through hands-on laboratory projects. |
Introductory learning of quantum probability and quantum spin with physical models and observations
| Pengarang | : | Anastasia Lonshakova; Kyla Adams; David Blair |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 58-68 |
| Abstrak | : | Quantum probability and quantum spin are foundational concepts in quantum physics, not normally taught in pre-university education. In line with recent efforts to modernize quantum science education in schools, this paper presents learning sequences designed to provide an introductory conceptual understanding of these core physical concepts. This is achieved by choosing physical models that provide tangible classical representations that can be contrasted with quantum observations relevant to modern science and technology. This approach allows activity-based learning without the use of algebra. The concept of quantum probability is taught through activities with phasor wheels in which quantum probability is obtained graphically and interpreted using single-photon interference data. Quantum spin and spin vectors are taught by contrasting quantum spin with classical spin, explored through activities with gyroscopes and spinning tops. Quantum concepts are evoked by emphasizing how spin is different and how it manifests in real-world technologies such as magnets and MRI imaging. We describe learning sequences developed following the Model of Educational Reconstruction in which historical discoveries are combined with activities based on classical models and relevant quantum applications. We summarize test results from programs conducted with students aged 11–15. Most students connect the models and activities to quantum concepts and retain knowledge of quantum spin six months after the program. The successful learning outcomes indicate that teachers can effectively introduce quantum probability and quantum spin concepts to middle school using learning sequences such as those presented here. |
Investigating and improving student understanding of time dependence of expectation values in quantum mechanics using an interactive tutorial on Larmor precession
| Pengarang | : | Ben Brown; Guangtian Zhu; Chandralekha Singh |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 52-57 |
| Abstrak | : | We studied the challenges students face with time dependence in quantum mechanics, specifically in the context of Larmor precession of spin. This research informed the creation and evaluation of a learning tutorial aimed at helping students grasp these concepts using a two-state system. The tutorial utilizes visualization tools to enhance students' intuition and emphasizes the integration of qualitative and quantitative understanding. We also examine how students applied semi-classical or quantum mechanical reasoning in their answers and assess the improvement they showed after working with the tutorial. |
Teaching quantum formalism and postulates to first-year undergraduates
| Pengarang | : | Jeremy Levy; Chandralekha Singh |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 46-51 |
| Abstrak | : | Traditional approaches to undergraduate-level quantum mechanics require extensive mathematical preparation, preventing most students from enrolling in a quantum mechanics course until the third year of a physics major. Here we describe an approach to teaching quantum formalism and postulates that can be used with first-year undergraduate students and even high school students. The only pre-requisite is a familiarity with vector dot products. This approach enables students to learn Dirac notation and core postulates of quantum mechanics at a much earlier stage in their academic career, which can help students prepare for careers in quantum science and engineering and advance the Second Quantum Revolution. |
Decoherence entanglement and information in the electron double slit experiment with monitoring
| Pengarang | : | Frederick W. Strauch |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 34-45 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper considers a theoretical model of the double-slit experiment with electrons whose paths are monitored. This monitoring, inspired by a recent text by Maudlin, is performed by the Coulomb scattering of the electron by a proton. A simple quantum mechanical calculation is presented, inspired in part by a recent experimental demonstration of this famous thought experiment. The results illustrate the relationship between entanglement and the loss of coherence in the interference pattern. The tradeoff between the visibility of interference and the information gained by measurement is also explored. This calculation can provide advanced undergraduates insight into decoherence, entanglement, and quantum information. |
Introducing quantum mechanics with a two-mode Mach Zehnder interferometer
| Pengarang | : | Gauthier Rey; Renaud Mathevet; Sébastien Massenot; Benoit Chalopin |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 28-33 |
| Abstrak | : | As an early teaching tool in QM, we propose to use a single-photon Mach–Zehnder interferometer. We demonstrate experimentally several properties associated with the concept of single photons in quantum optics and use them to introduce the quantum formalism and postulates in a more intuitive way. |
A glimpse of matrix mechanics via the harmonic oscillator
| Pengarang | : | Elina Palmgren; Ricardo Karam |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 21-27 |
| Abstrak | : | In this paper, we provide a glimpse of the original formulation of quantum mechanics (a.k.a. matrix mechanics), as proposed by Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan in 1925, by showing how it solves the quantum harmonic oscillator. This presentation can shed light on the relationship between different formulations and give students a deeper understanding of quantum mechanics. |
The 1925 revolution of matrix mechanics and how to celebrate it in modern quantum mechanics classes
| Pengarang | : | J. Tran; L. Doughty; J. K. Freericks |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 14-20 |
| Abstrak | : | In 1925, Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan developed matrix mechanics as a strategy to solve quantum-mechanical problems. While finite-sized matrix formulations are commonly taught in quantum instruction, following the logic and detailed steps of the original matrix mechanics has become a lost art. In preparation for the 100th anniversary of the discovery of quantum mechanics, we present a modernized discussion of how matrix mechanics is formulated, how it is used to solve quantum-mechanical problems, and how it can be employed as the starting point for a postulate-based formulation of quantum-mechanics instruction. We focus on the harmonic oscillator to describe how quantum mechanics advanced from the Bohr–Sommerfeld quantization condition, to matrix mechanics, to the current abstract ladder-operator approach. We also describe a number of different activities that can be included in the quantum mechanics classroom to celebrate this centennial. |
Quantum mechanics: A historical-linguistic perspective
| Pengarang | : | Helge Kragh |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Journal of Physics |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 93 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 7-13 |
| Abstrak | : | Quantum mechanics would not be quantum mechanics without the many technical terms which emerged a century ago but are still found in modern textbooks. The theory was mainly created by German-speaking physicists, which is reflected in German–English hybrid words such as “eigenvalue” and “eigenstate.” While “eigenvalue” was a neologism—such as was “quantum mechanics” itself—other terms in the quantum lexicon were metaphors adopted from everyday language, e.g., “spin” and “tunneling.” Conversely, a few of the specialized quantum terms were later reused in common language with new meanings. In today's parlance, to make a “quantum jump” has a meaning entirely different from the one in which the expression originated. This paper examines various linguistic aspects associated with the early development of quantum mechanics and its predecessor, the old quantum theory. For example, all physicists are familiar with the quantum concept of degeneracy. But the same term has also been employed to denote certain groups of people as “degenerate.” Is there any historical connection between the two widely different connotations? |