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Synergistic dependencies in partner and elder abuse.
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| Pengarang | : | Bornstein, Robert F. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 713-724 |
| Abstrak | : | Although dependency in its various forms has been widely studied, most investigations examine manifestations of dependency within individuals. Scrutiny of the literature reveals that synergistic dependencies—situations wherein both members of a dyad manifest excessive dependency of one form or another—play a role in some forms of partner and elder abuse. High levels of interpersonal or economic dependency in a woman coupled with high levels of interpersonal dependency in her male partner increase the likelihood of partner abuse. When family member caregivers are economically dependent on a functionally dependent older adult, risk for elder abuse increases. Although these synergistic dependencies differ across abuse domains, two prevailing themes emerge. The interpersonal, economic, and functional dependencies of abused partners and older adults are associated with feelings of helplessness, powerlessness, and an inability to challenge the abuser. The common dependency-related dynamic in perpetrators of abuse is fear—fear of abandonment leading to partner abuse, and fear of loss of financial support increasing risk for elder abuse. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) |
Mapping 24 emotions conveyed by brief human vocalization.
| Pengarang | : | Cowen, Alan S.; Elfenbein, Hillary Anger; Laukka, Petri; Keltner, Dacher. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 698-712 |
| Abstrak | : | Emotional vocalizations are central to human social life. Recent studies have documented that people recognize at least 13 emotions in brief vocalizations. This capacity emerges early in development, is preserved in some form across cultures, and informs how people respond emotionally to music. What is poorly understood is how emotion recognition from vocalization is structured within what we call a semantic space, the study of which addresses questions critical to the field: How many distinct kinds of emotions can be expressed? Do expressions convey emotion categories or affective appraisals (e.g., valence, arousal)? Is the recognition of emotion expressions discrete or continuous? Guided by a new theoretical approach to emotion taxonomies, we apply large-scale data collection and analysis techniques to judgments of 2,032 emotional vocal bursts produced in laboratory settings (Study 1) and 48 found in the real world (Study 2) by U.S. English speakers (N = 1,105). We find that vocal bursts convey at least 24 distinct kinds of emotion. Emotion categories (sympathy, awe), more so than affective appraisals (including valence and arousal), organize emotion recognition. In contrast to discrete emotion theories, the emotion categories conveyed by vocal bursts are bridged by smooth gradients with continuously varying meaning. We visualize the complex, high-dimensional space of emotion conveyed by brief human vocalization within an online interactive map. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) |
The role of psychology in evidence-based policymaking: Mapping opportunities for strategic investment in poverty reduction.
| Pengarang | : | Crowley, Max; Supplee, Lauren; Scott, Taylor; Brooks-Gunn, Jeanne. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 685-697 |
| Abstrak | : | Increasing efforts are being undertaken to understand how to improve the use of research evidence in policy settings. In particular, growing efforts to understand the use of research in legislative contexts. Although high-profile examples of psychology’s contributions to public policy exist—particularly around antipoverty legislation—little systematic review has quantified how the field has informed federal policy across time. Recognizing the importance of exploring psychology’s use in policymaking, we provide an overview of psychology’s presence in federal antipoverty legislation over the last 2 decades by reviewing the over 6,000 antipoverty bills introduced to the U.S. Congress since 1993 for mentions of psychology. Further, to explore how psychology’s contributions are related to policymakers’ attributions about the causes of poverty, their public statements and voting behavior is considered. Key gaps in our scientific knowledge for informing poverty-related policy are identified. Opportunities to enhance the relevance of psychology in poverty reduction efforts, including the evidence-based policy movement, are described. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
Employment and poverty: Why work matters in understanding poverty.
| Pengarang | : | Thompson, Mindi N.; Dahling, Jason J. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 673-684 |
| Abstrak | : | This article synthesizes the work-related dynamics that contribute to economic inequality and identifies ways for psychologists to offer their expertise to mitigate poverty through employment and re-employment. We summarize scholarship from subspecialties under the umbrella of work psychology to explore concepts germane to understanding unemployment, underemployment, and reemployment. The review and synthesis is organized around 4 primary themes that concern the relationships between work, economic inequality, and poverty. First, unemployment has devastating financial and psychological consequences for individuals, families, and communities. Second, reemployment is challenging to acquire but crucial to recovering from unemployment and escaping poverty. Third, systemic and societal factors, such as employment bias and gaps in employment law, shape and constrain employment processes for individuals and organizations. Fourth, the nature of employment is changing because of technological advances, growth in the contingent labor force, and globalized business relationships that introduce new concerns for underemployment, unemployment, and reemployment processes for individuals. We conclude by charting important directions for future research, describing promising interventions for practitioners, and summarizing opportunities for psychologists to apply their knowledge and expertise to support policies that can alleviate poverty. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) |
Reducing poverty and inequality through preschool-to-third-grade prevention services.
| Pengarang | : | Reynolds, Arthur J.; Ou, Suh-Ruu; Mondi, Christina F.; Giovanelli, Alison |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 653-672 |
| Abstrak | : | The contributions of psychology to the development and evaluation of preschool-to-third-grade prevention programs are analyzed with an emphasis on poverty alleviation through implementation of effective services for a greater number of children. The need to alleviate poverty and increase economic success is high. Early childhood programs have been found to be an effective strategy for promoting educational success and economic well-being, but the availability of high quality programs that are aligned and integrated with schools across the learning continuum is limited. Psychology has made major contributions to knowledge and practice in (a) defining and evaluating educational enrichment and (b) understanding mechanisms of behavioral change. As an empirical illustration of these contributions for enhancing economic well-being, we report new midlife income data in the Child–Parent Centers, a preschool-to-third-grade program that integrates the two major contributions to improve life course outcomes. Based on a well-matched alternative-intervention design with high sample retention (86%; N = 1,329), findings indicate that participation was associated with a 25% increase in average annual income at age 34 years ($22,708 vs. $18,130; p < .01). Graduates were also more likely to be in the top income quartile (≥$27,500; 30.7% vs. 20.2%; p < .01). Most of the main effects were explained by cognitive, school, and family factors, though further corroboration is needed. Implications for strengthening the impacts of early childhood programs as an avenue for increasing well-being and reducing inequality emphasize redressing ecological barriers, improving continuity and alignment with other strategies, and implementing effectiveness elements widely. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved) |
Protective factors for youth confronting economic hardship: Current challenges and future avenues in resilience research.
| Pengarang | : | Hostinar, Camelia E.; Miller, Gregory E. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 641-652 |
| Abstrak | : | Economic hardship during childhood is associated with worse mental and physical health across the life span. Over the past decade, interdisciplinary research has started to elucidate the behavioral and biological pathways that underlie these disparities and identify protective factors that mitigate against their occurrence. In this integrative review we describe these advances, highlight remaining gaps in knowledge, and outline a research agenda for psychologists. This article has 3 aims. First, we consider the evolving psychobiological literature on protective factors and conclude that supportive relationships can mitigate against the physical health problems often associated with economic hardship. Second, we discuss recent empirical developments in health psychology, public health, and the biological sciences, which reveal trade-offs associated with adaptation and challenge the conception of what it means to be resilient. Finally, we outline a research agenda that attempts to integrate existing knowledge on health disparities with these newer challenges to inform both policy and practice for youth experiencing economic hardship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) |
Report on the 13th Annual USA Junior Mathematical Olympiad
| Pengarang | : | Bela Bajnok |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The College Mathematics Journal |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 54 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 15-21 |
| Abstrak | : | We present the problems and solutions to the 13th Annual United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad. |
A Curious Property of Tangents
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The College Mathematics Journal |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 54 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 11-14 |
| Abstrak | : | We give two proofs of a surprising elementary result concerning tangents drawn to the graphs of convex functions. |
A Note on Teaching the Riemann Integral
| Pengarang | : | Brian S. Thomson |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The College Mathematics Journal |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 54 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 3-10 |
| Abstrak | : | There are alternative definitions for the Riemann integral, many of which avoid some of the unpleasant computations that arise when using Riemann sums. In this version a simple distance function for step functions is used and the Riemann integral is defined and developed by employing exclusively “convergent” sequences of step functions. While only modestly different from the standard presentation it might have some extra intuitive appeal. This is a common device in advanced theories of integration and can be introduced at this elementary level. |
An Elementary Proof that Reduced Row Echelon form of a Matrix is Unique
| Pengarang | : | Benjamin A. Lotto |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The College Mathematics Journal |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 54 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 145-146 |
| Abstrak | : | Many results in a first course in linear algebra rely on the uniqueness of reduced echelon form of a given matrix. Most textbooks either omit the proof of this important result or use ideas and results in a proof that are not typically available when the result is introduced. For example, the proof [Citation1] is relegated to an appendix and relies on the concept of linear dependence relations among columns, while the proof in [Citation3] uses elementary matrices, permutation matrices, and block matrix calculations. |