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There is still no evidence that physical punishment is effective or beneficial: Reply to Larzelere, Gunnoe, Ferguson, and Roberts (2019) and Rohner and Melendez-Rhodes (2019).
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| Pengarang | : | Gershoff, Elizabeth T.; Goodman, Gail S.; Miller-Perrin, Cindy; Holden, George W.; Jackson, Yo; Kazdin, Alan E. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 503-505 |
| Abstrak | : | The authors’ original article (Gershoff et al., 2018) summarized the extensive body of research demonstrating that parents’ use of physical punishment is ineffective and linked with risk of detrimental outcomes for children. In this Reply, the authors agree with several points raised in two commentaries on the article (Larzelere, Gunnoe, Ferguson, & Roberts, 2019; Rohner & Melendez-Rhodes, 2019)—that statistical rigor is needed before making conclusions and that potential contextual moderators need to be considered. However, neither commentary negated the scientific inferences and conclusions of the Gershoff et al. article or presented any convincing evidence that physical punishment is beneficial to children. The preponderance of evidence clearly indicates physical punishment is harmful, a finding that is increasingly being recognized by professional organizations, including the American Psychological Association. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
Perceived parental acceptance?rejection mediates or moderates the relation between corporal punishment and psychological adjustment: Comment on Gershoff et al. (2018).
| Pengarang | : | Rohner, Ronald P.; Melendez-Rhodes, Tatiana. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 500-502 |
| Abstrak | : | Researchers and policymakers are engaged in an ongoing debate over the use of corporal punishment and how it potentially leads to short-term and long-term negative developmental consequences for children. In this comment on Gershoff et al. (2018), the authors provide evidence that children’s perceptions of parental acceptance−rejection often partially—or even fully—mediate or moderate the reported effects of corporal punishment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
The insufficiency of the evidence used to categorically oppose spanking and its implications for families and psychological science: Comment on Gershoff et al. (2018).
| Pengarang | : | Larzelere, Robert E.; Gunnoe, Marjorie Lindner; Ferguson, Christopher J.; Roberts, Mark W. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 497-499 |
| Abstrak | : | Gershoff et al. (2018) recently summarized the scientific evidence against disciplinary spanking, using epidemiological and psychological criteria for causal validity. Unfortunately, the evidence they cited would make most actions to correct serious problems appear to be harmful, whether implemented by parents (e.g., timeout) or professionals. The reason is that the type of evidence that Gershoff et al. consider adequate is insufficient for establishing a causal connection between any disciplinary response to persistent defiance and problem behaviors in children, whether that response is spanking or an effective alternative to spanking. Before opposing a widespread practice such as spanking, researchers need to document stronger causal evidence against it and identify an alternative demonstrated to be more effective. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
Obtaining consensus in psychotherapy: What holds us back
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 484-496 |
| Abstrak | : | Although the field of psychotherapy has been in existence for well over a century, it nonetheless continues to be preparadigmatic, lacking a consensus or scientific core. Instead, it is characterized by a large and increasing number of different schools of thought. In addition to the varying ways in which psychotherapy has been conceptualized, there also exists a long-standing gap between psychotherapy research and how it is conducted in actual clinical practice. Finally, there also exists a tendency to place great emphasis on what is new, often rediscovering or reinventing past contributions. This article describes each of these impediments to obtaining consensus and offers some suggestions for what might be done to address them. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) |
A readability analysis of online mental health resources.
| Pengarang | : | Skierkowski, Dorothy D.; Florin, Paul; Harlow, Lisa L.; Machan, Jason; Ye, Yinjiao. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 474-483 |
| Abstrak | : | Analyzing the reading grade level of online mental health information is an important first step in ensuring that information is largely accessible by the general public, so as not to perpetuate existing health disparities across socioeconomic groups. The present study systematically examined grade-level readability of mental health information related to various psychiatric diagnoses, obtained from 6 highly utilized mental health websites, using a generalized estimating equations approach. Results suggest that, in general, the readability of mental health information is largely well above the 6th-to-8th grade level recommended by several national health organizations, including the CDC and NIH (Kutner, Greenberg, Jin, & Paulsen, 2006; National Institutes of Health, 2001, 2017), with reading-grade-level estimates from the model ranging from 5.62 to 17.9. Further efforts are required to ensure that writers of online health information do not exacerbate existing health disparities by ignoring these guidelines. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
Evaluating the effectiveness and implementation of evidence-based treatment: A multisite hybrid design.
| Pengarang | : | Ashmore, Jamile A.; Ditterich, Kirk W.; Conley, Claire C.; Wright, Melissa R.; Howland, Peggy S.; Huggins, Kelly L.; Cooreman, Jena; Andrews, Priscilla S.; Nicholas, Donald R.; Roberts, Lind; Hewitt, Larissa; Scales, Joan N.; Delap, Jenny K.; Gray, Christine A.; Tyler, Lynelle A.; Collins, Charlotte; Whiting, Catherine M.; Brothers, Brittany M.; Ryba, Marlena M.; Andersen, Barbara L. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 459-473 |
| Abstrak | : | The gap between treatment development and efficacy testing to scaled up implementations of evidence-based treatment (EBT) is an estimated 20 years, and hybrid research designs aim to reduce the gap. One was used for a multisite study in cancer control, testing coprimary aims: (a) determine the feasibility and utility of a flexible EBT implementation strategy and (b) determine the clinical effectiveness of an EBT as implemented by newly trained providers. Therapists from 15 diverse sites implemented the biobehavioral intervention (BBI) for cancer patients (N = 158) as part of standard care. For implementation, therapists determined treatment format, number of sessions, and so forth and reported session-by-session fidelity. Patients completed fidelity and outcome assessments. Results showed therapists BBI implementation was done with fidelity, for example, session “dose” (59%), core content coverage (60–70%), and others. Patient reported fidelity was favorable and comparable to the BBI efficacy trial. Effectiveness data show the primary outcome, patients’ scores on the Profile of Mood States total mood disturbance, significantly improved (R² = 0.06, β = −0.24, p < .01) as did a secondary outcome, physical activity (R² = 0.02, β = 0.13, p < .05). This first use of a hybrid design in health psychology provided support for a novel strategy that allowed providers implementation flexibility. Still, the EBT was delivered with fidelity and in addition, therapists generated novel procedures to enhance setting-specific usage of BBI and its ultimate effectiveness with patients. This research is an example of translational research spanning theory and efficacy tests to dissemination and implementation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
Gender differences in reading and writing achievement: Evidence from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP).
| Pengarang | : | Reilly, David; Neumann, David L.; Andrews, Glenda. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 445-458 |
| Abstrak | : | A frequently observed research finding is that females outperform males on tasks of verbal and language abilities, but there is considerable variability in effect sizes from sample to sample. The gold standard for evaluating gender differences in cognitive ability is to recruit a large, demographically representative sample. We examined 3 decades of U.S. student achievement in reading and writing from the National Assessment of Educational Progress to determine the magnitude of gender differences (N = 3.9 million), and whether these were declining over time as claimed by Feingold (1988). Examination of effect sizes found a developmental progression from initially small gender differences in Grade 4 toward larger effects as students progress through schooling. Differences for reading were small-to-medium (d = −.32 by Grade 12), and medium-sized for writing (d = −.55 by Grade 12) and were stable over the historical time. Additionally, there were pronounced imbalances in gender ratios at the lower left and upper right tails of the ability spectrum. These results are interpreted in the context of Hyde’s (2005) gender similarities hypothesis, which holds that most psychological gender differences are only small or trivial in size. Language and verbal abilities represent one exception to the general rule of gender similarities, and we discuss the educational implications of these findings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
Core competencies for the emerging specialty of pain psychology.
| Pengarang | : | Wandner, Laura D.; Prasad, Ravi; Ramezani, Amir; Malcore, Sylvia A.; Kerns, Robert D. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 432-444 |
| Abstrak | : | The Institute of Medicine (IOM) has reported that approximately 100 million Americans experience chronic pain. The IOM report on pain and the subsequent National Pain Strategy (NPS) issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services have both noted the educational gaps regarding pain management and highlighted the pivotal role that psychology plays in the field of pain management. Fishman and colleagues (2013) emphasized the need for all providers involved in the study and practice of pain management to acquire a common fund of knowledge and proposed a comprehensive set of core competencies that would apply across multiple professions and specialty areas (e.g., anesthesiology, nursing, and psychology). These core competencies are meant to be tailored to allow each pain-related subspecialty to incorporate the factors and competencies unique to their discipline. To date, the terms pain psychology and pain psychologist are routinely used in public discourse to refer to psychologists practicing integrated, multimodal, and multidisciplinary pain care, but the field of psychology has not yet defined this emerging specialty. It is important for the discipline itself to define these terms and for psychologists to specify the competencies that would be expected of a clinician working as a pain psychologist. The current article represents an initial effort to define the core competencies necessary to fulfill the role of a pain psychologist working in the field of pain management. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) |
How psychosocial research can help the National Institute of Mental Health achieve its grand challenge to reduce the burden of mental illnesses and psychological disorders.
| Pengarang | : | Teachman, Bethany A.; McKay, Dean; Barch, Deanna M.; Prinstein, Mitchell J.; Hollon, Steven D.; Chambless, Dianne L. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 415-431 |
| Abstrak | : | The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) plays an enormous role in establishing the agenda for mental health research across the country (its 2016 appropriation was nearly $1.5 billion; NIMH, 2016a). As the primary funder of research that will lead to development of new assessments and interventions to identify and combat mental illness, the priorities set by NIMH have a major impact on the mental health of our nation and training of the next generation of clinical scientists. Joshua Gordon has recently begun his term as the new Director of NIMH and has been meeting with different organizations to understand how they can contribute to the grand challenge of reducing the burden of mental illness. As a group of clinical psychological scientists (most representing the Coalition for the Advancement and Application of Psychological Science), he asked what we saw as key gaps in our understanding of the burden of mental illnesses and psychological disorders that psychosocial research could help fill. In response, we first present data illustrating how funding trends have shifted toward biomedical research over the past 18 years and then consider the objectives NIMH has defined in its recent strategic plan (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, & National Institute of Mental Health, 2015). We then note ways that advances in psychosocial research can help achieve these objectives. Critically, this involves integrating psychosocial and biomedical approaches to efficiently relieve the suffering of millions of Americans who struggle with m |
Bridging psychology and engineering to make technology work for people.
| Pengarang | : | Roscoe, Rod D.; Becker, D. Vaughn; Branaghan, Russell J.; Chiou, Erin K.; Gray, Robert; Craig, Scotty D.; Gutzwiller, Robert S.; Cooke, Nancy J. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 74 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 394-406 |
| Abstrak | : | Engineering grand challenges and big ideas not only demand innovative engineering solutions, but also typically involve and affect human thought, behavior, and quality of life. To solve these types of complex problems, multidisciplinary teams must bring together experts in engineering and psychological science, yet fusing these distinct areas can be difficult. This article describes how Human Systems Engineering (HSE) researchers have confronted such challenges at the interface of humans and technological systems. Two narrative cases are reported—computer game-based cognitive assessments and medical device reprocessing—and lessons learned are shared. The article then discusses 2 strategies currently being explored to enact such lessons and enhance these kinds of multidisciplinary engineering teams: a “top-down” administrative approach that supports team formation and productivity through a university research center, and a “bottom-up” engineering education approach that prepares students to work at the intersection of psychology and engineering. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) |