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Professional practice guidelines for occupationally mandated psychological evaluations.
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| Pengarang | : | Sutadi, Laurensius... [at al.] |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 73 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 186-197 |
| Abstrak | : | Psychological evaluations are relied on by employers, professional licensing boards, and civil service commissions to make hiring and employment decisions affecting individuals, organizations, and the public. To promote best practices, these professional practice guidelines were developed for use by psychologists who perform clinical evaluations of individuals for occupational purposes, regardless of whether the evaluation is intended to obtain employment, to achieve licensure/certification, or to maintain either. These guidelines were created by the Committee on Professional Practice and Standards (COPPS) to educate and inform the practice of psychologists who conduct occupationally mandated psychological evaluations (OMPEs), as well as to stimulate debate and research in this important area. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) |
Looking for intoolligence: A unified framework for the cognitive study of human tool use and technology.
| Pengarang | : | Osiurak, François; Heinke, Dietmar. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 73 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 169-185 |
| Abstrak | : | Humans have considerably modified their environment by making and building a number of tools, technologies, and constructions. This unique ability compared to other animals is the focus of researchers in different fields of psychology. However, there is confusion about the definitions proposed, generating difficulties in making connections between those different fields. This article presents the first unified framework (i.e., intoolligence) aiming to overcome these issues by focusing on the cognitive processes involved in the different forms taken by human tool use and technology, rather than on the overt behavior. To lay the foundation for intoolligence, we first address a series of epistemological misconceptions, which are the root cause for the current confusion. Particularly, we discuss the limitations of the widespread idea that tool use relies on specific cognitive skills, centered on the manipulative aspect of tool use. We develop, based on this analysis, details concerning our framework, which is based on the key principle that making and using are 2 independent cognitive steps. This distinction allows us to redefine tool use by breaking it down into 3 modes: assistive tool use, arbitrary tool use, and free tool use. This article opens a new chapter on the topic of human tool use and technology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) |
Progressive taxation, income inequality, and happiness.
| Pengarang | : | Oishi, Shigehiro; Kushlev, Kostadin; Schimmack, Ulrich. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 73 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 157-168 |
| Abstrak | : | Income inequality has become one of the more widely debated social issues today. The current article explores the role of progressive taxation in income inequality and happiness. Using historical data in the United States from 1962 to 2014, we found that income inequality was substantially smaller in years when the income tax was more progressive (i.e., a higher tax rate for higher income brackets), even when controlling for variables like stock market performance and unemployment rate. Time lag analyses further showed that higher progressive taxation predicted increasingly lower income inequality up to 5 years later. Data from the General Social Survey (1972–2014; N = 59,599) with U.S. residents (hereafter referred to as “Americans”) showed that during years with higher progressive taxation rates, less wealthy Americans—those in the lowest 40% of the income distribution—tended to be happier, whereas the richest 20% were not significantly less happy. Mediational analyses confirmed that the association of progressive taxation with the happiness of less wealthy Americans can be explained by lower income inequality in years with higher progressive taxation. A separate sample of Americans polled online (N = 373) correctly predicted the positive association between progressive taxation and the happiness of poorer Americans but incorrectly expected a strong negative association between progressive taxation and the happiness of richer Americans. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) |
Risky business: Correlation and causation in longitudinal studies of skill development.
| Pengarang | : | Bailey, Drew H.; Duncan, Greg J.; Watts, Tyler; Clements, Doug H.; Sarama, Julie. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 73 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 81-94 |
| Abstrak | : | Developmental theories often posit that changes in children’s early psychological characteristics will affect much later psychological, social, and economic outcomes. However, tests of these theories frequently yield results that are consistent with plausible alternative theories that posit a much smaller causal role for earlier levels of these psychological characteristics. Our article explores this issue with empirical tests of skill-building theories, which predict that early boosts to simpler skills (e.g., numeracy or literacy) or behaviors (e.g., antisocial behavior or executive functions) support the long-term development of more sophisticated skills or behaviors. Substantial longitudinal associations between academic or socioemotional skills measured early and then later in childhood or adolescence are often taken as support of these skill-building processes. Using the example of skill-building in mathematics, we argue that longitudinal correlations, even if adjusted for an extensive set of baseline covariates, constitute an insufficiently risky test of skill-building theories. We first show that experimental manipulation of early math skills generates much smaller effects on later math achievement than the nonexperimental literature has suggested. We then conduct falsification tests that show puzzlingly high cross-domain associations between early math and later literacy achievement. Finally, we show that a skill-building model positing a combination of unmeasured stable factors and skill-building processes can reproduce the pattern of experimental impacts on children’s mathematics achievement. Implications for developmental theories, methods, and practice are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) |
On the general acceptance of confessions research: Opinions of the scientific community.
| Pengarang | : | Kassin, Saul M.; Redlich, Allison D.; Alceste, Fabiana; Luke, Timothy J. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 73 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 63-80 |
| Abstrak | : | Eighty-seven experts on the psychology of confessions—many of whom were highly published, many with courtroom experience—were surveyed online about their opinions on 30 propositions of relevance to deception detection, police interrogations, confessions, and relevant general principles of psychology. As indicated by an agreement rate of at least 80%, there was a strong consensus that several findings are sufficiently reliable to present in court. This list includes but is not limited to the proposition that the risk of false confessions is increased not only by explicit threats and promises but by 2 common interrogation tactics—namely, the false evidence ploy and minimization tactics that imply leniency by offering sympathy and moral justification. Experts also strongly agreed that the risk of undue influence is higher among adolescents, individuals with compliant or suggestible personalities, and those with intellectual impairments or diagnosed psychological disorders. Additional findings indicated that experts set a high standard before judging a proposition to be sufficiently reliable for court—and an even higher standard on the question “Would you testify?” Regarding their role as scientific experts, virtually all respondents stated that their primary objective was to educate the jury and that juries are more competent at evaluating confession evidence with assistance from an expert than without. These results should assist trial courts and expert witnesses in determining what aspects of the science are generally accepted and suitable for presentation in court. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) |
Facilitating pipeline progress from doctoral degree to first job.
| Pengarang | : | Kaslow, Nadine J.; Bangasser, Debra A.; Grus, Catherine L.; McCutcheon, Stephen R.; Fowler, Garth A. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 73 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 47-62 |
| Abstrak | : | The sequence of professional development within psychology from doctoral education to first job represents a period of remarkable professional and personal growth for each trainee. However, this sequence also contains a variety of barriers that hinder progress through the pipeline. The myriad individual-, program-, and system-level barriers encountered by trainees in health service/other applied service psychology and in research basic/applied psychology are identified. To actively and systematically facilitate improved passage through major transition points, individual trainee and trainer, program- and system-level action steps are recommended. In addition, emphasis is placed on ensuring that the psychology education and training culture prioritizes the progress, creativity, and flourishing of trainees and supports their movement through branching pipelines in their training and in their careers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) |
Close relationships and the management of chronic illness: Associations and interventions.
| Pengarang | : | Martire, Lynn M.; Helgeson, Vicki S. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 72 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 601-612 |
| Abstrak | : | Self-management of a chronic illness involves not only monitoring symptoms, adhering to medication regimens, and keeping medical appointments but also making and maintaining difficult lifestyle changes. This article highlights correlational and intervention research suggesting family members are influential in children’s and adults’ illness management. The argument is made that a dyadic approach to chronic illness management that targets the influence of close relationships may yield more sustainable effects on patient behavior than has been achieved in the past. In particular, dyadic approaches aimed at helping patients and family members to find ways to collaborate in goal setting for these behaviors is recommended. Such dyadic interventions may also benefit family members who are ill or are at risk because of poor health behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved) |
Integrative pathways linking close family ties to health: A neurochemical perspective.
| Pengarang | : | Uchino, Bert N.; Way, Baldwin M. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 72 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 590-600 |
| Abstrak | : | The quality of one’s familial life, for better or worse, has been linked to physical health. Such associations are evident across a number of acute and chronic conditions and highlight the widespread impact that close relationships have on physical health. However, the field currently lacks a complete understanding of the integrative biological pathways underlying the association between close relationships and disease risk. This article reviews the main peripheral biological and central nervous system pathways linking positive and negative familial relationship processes to physical health outcomes. It emphasizes the role of neurochemical pathways in mediating the influence of social relationships on health-relevant peripheral physiological systems using the oxytocin system as a model. Such neurochemical approaches are an important step toward a more integrative understanding of complex biological pathways and has novel theoretical and intervention implications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved) |
Intimate relationships, individual adjustment, and coronary heart disease: Implications of overlapping associations in psychosocial risk.
| Pengarang | : | Smith, Timothy W.; Baucom, Brian R. W. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 72 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 578-589 |
| Abstrak | : | Being married or involved in a similar intimate relationship is associated with reduced risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the quality of these relationships matters, as strain and disruption are associated with increased risk. These effects are typically studied separately from well-established psychosocial factors for CHD that are aspects of personality and emotional adjustment, even though discord and disruption in intimate relationships are related to these same individual characteristics. Thus, research to date tends to parse correlated risks, often taking a piecemeal approach by focusing on intimate relationships without considering aspects of personality and emotional adjustment that contribute to risk and protection, or focusing on individual-level risks while largely ignoring closely related health-relevant relationships. As an alternative, this article describes an integrative approach, first reviewing associations of the quality of intimate relationships with personality characteristics and aspects of emotional adjustment that confer CHD risk, and then discussing conceptual models of these associations and the biobehavioral mechanisms linking them with CHD. Current approaches to couple interventions are then discussed, including those that have a combined focus on intimate relationship difficulties and emotional adjustment. An integrative agenda for future research emphasizes aggregated risks, combining concepts and methods in current relationship science with those in biobehavioral research on CHD, and including parallel disparities in relationship functioning, emotional adjustment, and CHD risk. Such efforts could ultimately inform empirically based assessments and interventions for interrelated aspects of individuals and their intimate relationships that influence the development and course of CHD. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) |
Close social ties and health in later life: Strengths and vulnerabilities.
| Pengarang | : | Rook, Karen S.; Charles, Susan T. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 72 (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 567-577 |
| Abstrak | : | The world is aging at an unprecedented rate, with older adults representing the fastest-growing segment of the population in most economically developed and developing countries. This demographic shift leaves much uncharted territory for researchers who study social relationships and health. Social relationships exert powerful influences on physical health in later adulthood, a critical consideration given age-related increases in the prevalence of chronic health conditions and physical disability. A large body of research indicates that older adults report greater satisfaction with their social networks than do younger adults, and that they often take measures to minimize their exposure to negative social encounters. These emotionally satisfying and generally positive social ties afford some health protection against a backdrop of mounting physical limitations and play an important role when juxtaposed with the potentially health-damaging frictions that sometimes emerge in older adults’ social relationships. Although most older adults report that they are satisfied with their social ties, some older adults experience frequent conflicts or ambivalent exchanges with members of their social networks, and these experiences detract from their health. In addition, many older adults will experience the loss of one or more close relationships during the course of their lives, with ramifications for their health and, often, for the reorganization of their social lives over time. Understanding how both the strengths and vulnerabilities of close social relationships affect health and well-being in later life is an important goal, particularly in view of the accelerating rate of population aging worldwide. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved) |