| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 95-118 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Much research has been done to investigate proper ways to improve reading comprehension among students. Generating self-questions has been admitted to increase effectiveness and efficiency in reading comprehension. This article presents a theoretical framework on the models of reading and the self-question generation. As a conclusion, it can be state that as an inherent natural part of reading comprehension process, self-questioning can support effective reading and learning. Therefore, more attention should be evoted to attempts to encourage self-questioning among Indonesian readers. However, it is suggested that preliminary studies be carried out in order to investigate self-questioning thoroughly prior to adopting it as a reading strategy cosidering that there might be psychological, cognitive, linguistic, contextual, and cultural constraints in the self-questioning activities. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 133-149 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This paper sets to discuss two issues, i.e. types of inversions occuring in English and the movements of the words in the inversions in the d-structure using the X-bar theory. Five types of inversions are identified, namely(1) questions, i.e. questions with question worsand yes/no questions, (2) sentences with fronted essential adverbs of place, (3) sentences with fronte negative adverbs and fronte adverbs of degree, (4) conditional sentences with had, should, or were, with an obligatory deletion of if, and (5) cpmparisons, which is an optional type of inversion. In terms of the movements, three conclusions are put forward, namely (1) Modal auxiliaries move from TNS to the specifier position of the C. Besides the modal auxiliary, the inversion with a fronted essential expression of place moves the verb, i.e the V +-es/-ed/-en, on the TNS to the C position, (2) The specifier position of the CP can be occupied by different types of words depending on the types of sentences of inversion. The specifier of the CP can be occupied by a wh-word, a negative adverb, or an expression of place (aPP), which have moved from different positions in the sentence such as the attribute, the adjunct, or the complement position of a V. The subordinator than can also occupy the specifier of the CP in a sentence of comparison. (3) The specifier position of the CP is empty in the case of inversions with had, should, and were in conditionals. The subordinator if, which occupies the specifier position of the CP, is obligatorily ommite when an inversion occurs. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 169-179 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Politeness is a useful strategy to maintain smooth conversation. From the viewpoint of pragmatics, politeness is closely relate to the concept of face, where everybody is concerned to some extent with maintaining their public self-image, i.e. the need to be respected by others. Any statements that can threaten the face are considered face-threatening acts, which must be lessened through applying politeness. Following the model proposed by Brown and Levinson, the strategies may occur in various forms: bald on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record. The choice of the strategy is determined by social distance, power diffreential and egree of imposition. This paper aims at observing and analyzing the application of this model in Ernest Hemingway`s Hills like White Elephants. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 119-132 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study was conducted to investigate the potentialities of Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 in developing application software for English tenses learning and how the application was developed using Microsoft Visual basic 6.0. The study showed that the authoring software has the potentialities in developing the application for English tenses learning. While the Visual Basic provides RichTextBox and Image controls to display texts and pictures respectively for presenting the English tenses materials, the visual Data Manager helped the writer create the database files to store organised data such as irregular verbs. The data in the database files were displayed using the MSFlexGrid control. In turn, the use of the database files, in which questions, key answers, user`s scores, also helped the writer make the exercises. In addition,music and sounds were added using Multimedia control to make the application more interesting. Labels, Menus, and CommondButtons were also added to allow the user to navigate through the application. Basic code was used to instruct the application to perform a task or action as generated by the user (event-driven). In developing the application, the writer conucted some steps. The steps were: selecting English tenses materials, flowcharting, constructing the application, and revising the application. At the end of the program development, a set of questionnaire asking for feedback on the usage of the program was distribute. The results of the survey study showed that the application was good and acceptable. The respondents` suggestions were also used to revise and improve the application. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Herawati, Henny, Budiraharjo, Markus, Wijaya, Yosef Yudha, Yulia, Made Frida, Veniranda, Yohana, Retno Muljani |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 151-168 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Different skin color and physical features of African people had been considered as a justificationfor assigning them a lower position in American society. Mainstream white society had used various mechanisms to assert their domination. African American women had suffered discriminating actions as blacks and as women. During the time of slavery, many Arican American women were victims of sexual harassment an rape. After slavery was abolished, white society created negative stereotypes to degradeAfrican American women`s status. In addition to the negative stereotypes, mainstream white society also construcetd the racist standards of beauty-blue eyes, blonde hair, and white skin. African American women were surelyoutside the accepted image of beauty. Being discriminated and degraded for decades, African American women have reacte in different kinds of responses. One type of reactions is withdrawal reaction. This reaction is indicated by several behaviors such as self-denial, self-hatred, and passing. This paper attempts to reveal withdrawal behaviors done by African AMerican women as their response to discriminating actions of white society. Toni Morrison`s The Bluest Eye is explored as the work clearly portrays several behaviors of African American women-light skinned and dark skinned ones-that can be considered as withdrawal behaviors. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 83-90 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Jokes are inseparable from human communicate acts. To some extent, jokes are used and extensively exploited to maintain the human relationship. Finding out the rules governing the jokes and how people make them up seems challenging both theoretically and practically. This paper presents a brief overview of the Gricean principles and how the four maxims are intentionally manipulated and exploited to make up jokes. It is found that two sources of ambiguities, i.e. lexical and syntactic, play a vital role in creating jokes. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 47-64 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study presents a discussion on three issues, namely: (1) types of words attached by -al, and its variants -ial, -ual, and -ar, (2) types of words resulting from the process of the suffixation, and (3) kinds of phonological changes occuring in the process of the suffixation of -al, and its variants -ial, -ual, and -ar. The results of the analysis of the data show that -al and its variants are attached mostly to nouns to form adjectives. Suffix -al is also attached to some verbs to form adjectives. There are a few exceptions to the addition of -al to nouns when the words remain as nouns, like editor - editorial. The phonological changes that occur in the suffixation include consonant changes, vowel changes and stress shifts. The consonant changes that occur on the endings of the base words are form /t/ to /lambda/, /s/ to /lambda/, and /t/ to /t lambda/. The vowel changes that occur are from / / to / /, and from / / to / /. Changes on vowels are basically influenced by stress shifts. There are no stress shifts for monosyllabic base words. After the suffixation with monosyllabic words, the stress remains on the base words. There are some regularities with the be-syllabic base verbs. The suffixation maintains the word stress of the base verbs in the nouns. With bi-syllabic base words in general, the attachment of suffix -al and its variants may chage or maintain the word stress of the base words. Multi-syllabic words ending with -ion tend to maintain their word stress after the suffixation. Multi-syllabic words ending with order than -ion, such as -ment, -or, and -ence, tend to change their word stress after the suffixation. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 29-45 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Though the study of language transfer had been replaced by cognitivist movements since the 1970s, first language (L1) influence in second language (L2) is still considered of paramount importance nowadays. This study elaborates the influence of L1 mastery towards L2 learning of a multilingual Indonesian child, named Chakri, through a series of writing products in the last four years. Through a four-year writing products, her linguistic and literacy developments were investigated. To obtain a more comprehensive background of the subject, observation and interviews were conducted. The study concluded that her English literacy development was mostly determined by her family`s literacy behaviors (i.e. using English every day, bed-time reading routines, and provision of various kinds of books). In terms of her linguistic developments, she seemed not too constrained by her L1 mastery. The only positive L1 transfer visible from the data was her Indonesian orthographic mastery she obtained prior her arrival to the US. It seemed that her early success in transferring the Indonesian writing system into English orthographic system turned out to be helpful for her English acquisition in general. It was reflected by her writing skills, in which she made creative errors - the developmental errors that are needed as hypothesis testing in language acquisition. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 65-79 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This paper is concerned with the way in which a message is distributed across an English clause, that is, how it begins and how it ends. Understanding a clause as message implies an understanding of how meaning is constructed. This is performed through choices of processes-material, mental and relational and the elements related to the processes involved in the construction of knowledge or meaning noted as participants and circumstances. In writing it is very important that textual cohesion is maintained. This is done through the Reference chain systems. All systems: Theme+Rheme, how message is distributed in a clause; Transitivity, how meaning is realised; Circumstances, how meaning is specified against its background and Reference, how a text is held together to form a textual cohesion, operate together. All these elements of grammar from systems networks for realising meaning. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Liang Jianping, Sutoyo, Gunawan, Budiraharjo, Markus, Y. Veniranda, Ouda Teda Ena |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | LLT Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-28 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This paper attempts to explore seven main reading difficulties which affect some non-English major students pass rate in College English Test Band-4 (CET-4) in China where English is taught as a foreign language. The paper is structured as follows: First, some key features of College English Test for Band-4 are described. Second, the reasons why some non-English major Chinese students (science, engineering or social sciences) cannot read efficiently are analysed. Third, some feasible suggestions on how to deal with reading difficulties are presented with tasks and examples adapted to the learning and teaching situation in China. |
Unduh Dokumen Berkas PDF Utama