| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 477-508 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | East Asian economies have experienced rapid growth over three decades, with relatively low levels of income inequality, and appear to have also achieved reductions in income equality. We argue that policies that reduced poverty and income inequality, such as emphazing high-quality basic education and augmentating labor demand, also stimulated growth. Closing two virtuous circles, rapid growth and reduced inequality led to higher demand for, and supply of, education. Moreover, low levels of income inequality may have directly stimulated growth, We present cross-economy regression result that are consistent with a positive causal effect of low inequality on economic growth and with low inequality of income as an independent contributing factor to East Asia`s rapid growth. We conclude that policies for sharing growth can also stimulate growth. In particular, investment in education is a key to sustained growth, both because it contributes directly through productivity effects and because it reduces income inequality. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 373-395 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In 1988, families in Kerala State in India were surveyed to ascertain their willingness to pay for household connections to a piped water supply system. In 1991 the families in these communities were surveyed again and their actual decisions recorded. This article explores the validity of the findings of the 1988 study on the basis of actual behavior. It looks at the question of benefit relevation: did people behave as they said they would? and it looks at the question of benefit transfer: did people in one site behave as they were predicted of a behavioral modeling for different site? The data were also used to analyze the policy relevance of behavioral modeling. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 451-475 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article uses data from a 1992 survey of manufacturing enterprices in Ghana to describe the importance of apprenticeship in the manufacturing sector and analyze the structure of the contracts in which apprenticeship takes place. The article presents three major findings. First, the training of apprentices is both a widespread activity and a part of the training of a large fraction of enterpreneurs and manufacturing workers. Second, two primarily types of contracts are apparent in the data: those in which apprentices pay fees for their training and those in which they do not. Third, for those firms training apprentices, the choice of contract type is strongly correlated with other characteristics of the firm, particularly its use of credit. Apprenticeship fees are one among many informal sources of firm finance. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 509-534 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article examines the main ingredients of the East Asian success story in each subphase of its post-war transition growth process. It focuses mainly on Taiwan (China), with comparative side glances at the Republic of Korea. The initial conditions facing the region were favorable, especially in Taiwan (China). The early import substitution subphase was unusually mild and contributed to the emergence of strong linkages between agricultural and nonagricultural activities. Subsequently, flexible labor markets, human capital policies, and major macro and structural policy reforms culminated in an increasingly export-oriented industrialization effort. Once labor surpluses were ultimately exhaused, government policies accommodated Taiwan (China)`s entry into the technological era of the 197-s and 1980s. During the past four decades of a signally successful transition growth effort, public policies in East Asia have consistently accomodated the changing needs of the economy, rather than guide its path directly. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 201-230 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article, using an unusually rich data set on Slovenian workers over the 1987-91 period, explores changes in the structure of wages and employment produced by transition to a market economy. Employment and the real wages fell dramatically over the period, but the losses were borne disproportionately by the least skilled. Across all sectors of the economy, relative wages and employment rose for the most-educated workers. Women gained in comparison with men, primarily because women accupied sector less adversely affected by the transition. Pension policies, which encouraged retirement, are shown to have drastically reduced employment of experienced workers and helped contribute to rising returns to skill. Increases in returns to education and experience contributed to rising wage inequality, but the variance of wages increased for workers with identical skill as well. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 287-304 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article estimates the relationship between the provision of public infrastructure and private output in sixteen sectors in Mexico. The sector-specific cost functions depend on wages, the cost of capital, and the nominal values of the stocks of three types of infrastructure: electricity, transport, and communications. The article concludes that infrastructure in electricity and communications generally reduces the costs of sectoral production, but transportation infrastructure tends to increase costs of sectoral production. It appears that Mexican public expenditure on electricity and communications has enhanced the productivity of private production, but expenditure on transport may actually have had a detrimental effect on private output. In addition, although in general labor and infrastructure are substitutes, in the case of electricity and communications infrastructure, capital and infrastructure are complements. In the case of transport infrastructure these conclusions are reversed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 305-333 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | According to the consumption-smoothing view, a high degree of capital mobility implies that agents are able to fully smooth their consumption in the face of shocks. This article develops a framework to test whether, indeed, the current account in developing countries acts as a buffer to smooth consumption in the face of shocks to national cash flow, which is defined as output less investment less government expenditure. Using vector autoregression analysis, we estimate the optimal consumption-smoothing current account with data from a sample of forty-five developing countries. We find that for a majority of the countries, the hypothesis of full consumption smoothing cannot be rejected, suggesting that capital mobility may after all be quite high in this group of countries. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 259-285 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A computable general equilibrium (CGE) models is used to trace the effects of government policies on Costa Rican forests in the presence of incomplete markets. The results indicate that correcting the market failure would, as expected, reduce deforestation. More interestingly, in the presence of the market failure, lowering the tax on unskilled labor reduces deforestation because people gain employment in other parts of the economy. Taxation of other ptoduced goods changes the incentives for deforestation. For example, a tax on agricultural products elevates the relative price of capital and shifts resources away from the capital-intensive industrial sector toward the agricultural and forest sectors; as a result, such a tax increases deforestation. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 175-200 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Data from 121 diverse rural water projects provide strong statistical findings that increasing beneficiary participation directly causes better project outcomes. Three possible econometric objections to these findings are addressed and answered. The subjective nature of the data does not precule valid, |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 335-340 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Deskripsi abstrak ringkas tidak tersedia untuk artikel ini. |
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