| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 395-414 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In the newly industrializing economies (NIEs) of Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan (China), the entire working population has benefited from labor market institutions. The East Asian NIEs attained and maintained generally full employment, improved their job mixes, raised real earnings, and lowered their rates of poverty. This article reaches two principal conclusions. First, labor market conditions continued to improve in all four economies in te 1980s at rates of aggregate economic growth. Second, labor market repression was not a major factor in the growth experiences of these economies in the 1980s. It thus appears that labor market repression in neither necessary nor desirable for outward-oriented economic development. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 311-350 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A fundamental determinant of the macroeconomic properties of an economy is its degree of financial integration with the outside world. Yet very little is known about this characteristic of many developing economies. An important stumbling block in the empirical assessment of financial integration is the multiplicity of approaches to measurement. This article describes and evaluates alternatives tests of capital mobility and applies four such tests to assess the degree of the integration with external financial markets exhibited by a large group of developing countries in recent years. The evidence suggests that a substantial number of developing countries can be considered financially open. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 373-394 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | If regulations are used to make cars and fuels cleaner, should gasoline taxes be used to manage demand for trips that pollute? Analysis of a well-composed program for Mexico City indicates that the emission reductions would cost 24 percent more if a tax on gasoline was not introduced. A simple analytical framework is developed to analyze the use of abatement requirements to make cars cleaner, and a gasoline tax to economize on the use of cars. The two instruments should be combined to mimic the incentives that would have been provided by an emissions fee. Thus, cleaner cars and fewer trips are analogous to competing suppliers of emission reductions; the planner should buy from both so that marginal costs are equal. Applying that rule, the marginal cost of emission reductions is, simply, the gasoline tax rate divided by emissions per liter. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 171-189 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study uses the trade restrictiveness index (TRI) of Anderson and Neary (1990) to evaluate U. S. policy toward seven major exporters of textiles and apparel under the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA). The period covered is 1982-88. The MFA controls the shipment of most textile and apparel items to the United States through a system of bilaterally negotiated export quotas that allow for annual growth. The arrangement itself was renegotiated in 1986, with an expansion in the number of items covered and countries included. In addition to these policy changes, changes in economic conditions during the data period altered the restictiveness of the MBA. The TRI in principle permits all these influences to be accounted for in a consistent manner. The TRI results are contrasted with the standard trade-weighted average tariff equivalent of the quotas. The correlation of the two measures is not significantly different from zero. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 247-277 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article analyzes the impact and effectiveness of the Mexican labor retraining program for unemployed and displaced workers-Programa de Becas de Capacitacion para Trabajadores (PROBECAT). The starategy followed is to compare the post-training labor market experiences of trainees with those of a comparison group-a matched sample of unemployed individuals who were eliglibe for, but did not participate in, PROBECAT. The results of this exercise suggest that participation in PROBECAT reduced the mean duration of unemployment for both men and women trainees and increased the monthly earnings of men, but not of women. The results also indicate that the post-training earnings effect varied systematically by level of education attained, with the largest earnings increases (of about 28 to 37 percent) found for men with six to twelve years of education. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 279-309 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Indonesia has made great progress during the past fifteen years in enhancing the command of the poor over privately provided goods, such as food, cloting and housing. Has similar progress been made in improving their access to publicly provided social services? The article looks at how the use of health services and the incidence of subsidies in the health sector varied across socioeconomic groups in Indonesia in 1987. It also examines how the distributions of utilization and subsidies altered between 1978 and 1987. The findings indicate that changes in utilization and in the incidence of subsidies have been pro-poor. Disparities in access and utilization have diminished. However, public spending on health care is not yet well targeted. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 151-169 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article provides an introduction to the trade restrictiveness index (TRI), which equals the uniform tariff that is welfare equivalent to a given pattern on trade protection. Unlike standard measures of trade restrictiveness, the TRI has a solid theoretical basis, can incorporate both tariffs and quantitative restrictions, and can be adapted to construct the trade policy equivalence of domestic distortions. The article compares a number of applications and describes procedures for operationalizing the TRI on a personal computer. The authors conclude that the TRI has considerable potential in empirical work. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 191-211 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The introduction of variable labor supply raises some fundamental issues in analyzing the targeting of poverty alleviation programs in developing countries. It forces a reconsideration of the standard objective function, which is based on income or expenditure and so makes no allowance for the effort made in earning that income. We show that alternative views on the appropriate valuation of effort have very different implications for comodity-based targeting rules. We also establish a benchmark for marginal effective tax rates (inclusive of benefit withdrawal) in income-tested schemes and show that indicator targeting rules may also have to be modified significantly when labor supply responses are recognized. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 213-245 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article uncovers some important empirical regularities surrounding the operation of formal dual exchange rates in Europe and Latin America in the 1970s and 1980s. Although there are parallels between the European and Latin American experiences, there are also interesting differences in terms of the size and nature of the distortion created by two official exchange rates; the response of the distortion to foreign interest rates, real commercial exchange rates,and domestic budget deficits; and the motives for adopting this exchange rate regime. Empirical work on dual exchange rate regimes is made difficult by the transitory nature of these regimes and by frequent changes in institutional practise. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 49-74 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article analyzes plant-level panel data from Chile and Colombia to assess how manufacturers might respond to carbon taxes and other policies that induce substitution between clean and dirty fuels. Is producer flexibility linked with sector of activity, capital vintage, or rates of new capital formation? When adjustments in energy use occur, are they accomplished through changes in factor proportions for individual producers, changes in the output shares of producers within an industry, or changes in the relative production levels of different manufacturing industries? Patterns of energy use within and between industries show that fiscal policies can significantly influence the level and mixture of energy use among manufacturers. |
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