| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 103-125 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | India`s government buys wheat, rice, and sugar at below the market price and then sells it in ration shops in the urban and rural areas. The rest is sold in the open market. This creates a two-tier price system for consumerss and producers. Supporters of the government`s procurement policy claim that it raises the open-market price so much that it increases the sales-weighted average of the rationed price and the open-market price; in that case, both the farm sector as a whole and low-income urban consumers with access to the ration shops gain, and high-income urban consumers who buy at the open-market price lose. This view has provided an intellectual basis for the policy. This article examines a variety of cases: with and without rationing; with rationing through ration cards or queuing; with and without access by the urban rich to the ration shops; with or without free trade; and with a marketable surplus having either positive, negative, or zero price elasticity. The impact of the policy on the average price is in general ambiguous or negative. Under the most plausible assumptions, it is negative, implying that farmers as a whole lose from the procurement policy. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 17-47 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article analyzes the consequences of financial liberalization, using a large panel of Indonesian manufacturing establishments. It discusses whether financial reforms have had an impact on investment and on the allocation of credit and whether the effects differ depending on the type of firms. The overall conclusion is that shifting from administrative toward market-based allocation of credit has increased borrowing costs, particularly for smaller firms, but, at the same time, has benefited firms by giving them widened access of finance. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-16 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article compares the statutory ad valorem tariff rates (official rates) with the ratio of tariff revenues to import values (collected rates) for Jamaica, Kenya, and Pakistan. It identifies four general features of the tariff codes, considers whether these features apply to all developing countries, and discusses four implications of these features for tariff reform. First, the collected rate for any given item in the tariff code is only weakly related to the official rate for that item. Second, the variation of collected rates around the official rate increases with the level of the official rate. Third, the collected rates, on average, increase much less than the official rates. Fourt, the relation between official rates and collected rates is nonlinear, because the slope is lower at higher level on the official rate. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 75-102 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Comparisons of povertty, such as where or when poverty is greatest, typically matter far more for policy choices than do aggregate measures of poverty, such as how many people are deemed poor. We examine alternative methods for constructing poverty profiles, focusing on their internal consistency and appropriateness for guiding policy. None is perfect, but some methods appear to be preferable to others when the aim is to inform policies for fighting absolute-consumption poverty. A case study on Indonesia reveals that the country`s regional and sectoral poverty profile is highly sensitive to some aspects of measurement but quite robust to others. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 127-149 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The motor vehicle industry in the Philippines is protected by a virtual embargo on the importantation of new vehicles but operates under the burden of domestic content and compensatory export requirements that protect Philippine producers of automotive components. This article develops a model to assess the net impact of this complicated protective regime. Estimates indicate substantial benefits to the assembly and components industries and losses to vehicle purchasers. Reform of the system to eliminate the embargo as well as the domestic content and compesatory export restraints at current tariff rates would benefit vehicle purchasers but would increase the effective rate of protection to assembly operations by decreasing prices of components. Reform measures to eliminate the domestic content and compensatory export requirements should be accompanied by simultaneous reductions in tariffs on assembled vehicles. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 319-348 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Most estimates of the consequences of public programs rely on the cross-sectional association between region-specific programs and program outcomes. Such estimates assume that the spatial distribution of programs is random. This article reports estimates of the effects of public programs on basic human capital indicators and the biases in conventional cross-sectional estimates of program effects due to non-random program placement. The estimates are obtained from pooled observations on human capital outcomes, socioeconomic variables, and program coverage at the kecamatan (subdistric) level. The observations are based on successive sets of Indonesian cross-sectional household and admnistrative data during 1976-86. The determinants of the spatial allocation of programs in Indonesia 1976-86 are also estimated. The empirical results indicate that the presence of grade and middle schools in villages has a significant positive effects on the school attendance rates of teenagers. The presence of health clinics in villages also positively affects the scholling of females ages 10-18. However, no evidence is found of any significant effect of the presence of family planning and health programs on either the survival rates of children or on cumulative fertility. The estimates also suggest that the use of cross-sectional data results in substantial biases in the estimates of program effects because of the evident nonrandom spatial allocation of public programs. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 349-380 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article deals with the adjustment following external shocks in two open Asian economies: the Republic of Korea and Malaysia. There were important differences in the economic structure of the two countries as well as significant differences in the way external events produced "crises" that interrupted their dynamic economic growth. Detailed analyses of economic cycles in the two decades preceding 1987-88 show that the behavior of factor markets, particularly the markets for labor and foreign exchange, helped Korea to adjust quickly to the shocks but in Malaysia actually caused the crisis to deepen. For economies heavily dependent on exports, the unit cost of labor in dollars is of central importance as an index of the competitiveness of exports and hence of their ability to mount a sustained recovery after a difficult period. Accordingly, the heart of the analysis is the determination of the unit cost of labor and the factors affecting its change throughout the cycles. Concentration on this critical variable helps to spotlight the crucial differences in the factors markets of the two economies. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 293-318 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Cocoa and coffee are the most important crops in Cote d`Ivoire. Until recently, the difference between world and administered producer prices provided an important source of government revenue. As a result of a continued decline of world prices of both crops, however, the Ivoirien government was forced to cut producer prices in half. Because 40 percent of Ivoirien households grow either cocoa and coffee, this cut can be expected to have a considerable impact on the welfare level of these households. We use the 1985 Living Standards Measurement Survey to estimate the welfare effects of producer price changes for Ivoirien households, permitting an evaluation of the probable consequences of the recent price cut. Using nonparametric econometric techniques, we find that, although many households will suffer losses of income, the cuts will not have adverse distributional effects: cocoa and coffee farmers are scattered throughout the income distribution, but most are concentrated in the middle. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 403-417 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article generalizes and extends the earlier analyzes of Cuddington (1993) and Cuddington and Hancock (forthcoming) by incorporating the presence of underemployment and dual labor markets-considerations that seem particularly important when assessing the likely impact of AIDS in many African countries. The dual-economy simulations of the economic of AIDS using Tanzanian data suggest that the macroeconomic consequences of the epidemic are of the same order of magnitude as those obtained using a single-sector, full-employment model:gross domestic product (GDP) is 15 to 25 percent smaller by 2010 than it would have been without AIDS, and per capita GDP is 0 to 10 percent smaller. The output loss from AIDS in the dual-economy framework is roughly the same as the output gain achievable through policies designed to increase labor market flexibility, The exercise is crude, but it suggests that meaningful efforts at economic reform in economies devastated by AIDS may at least ameliorate some of the negative economic effects of the epidemic, although they would certainly not offset its personal and social costs. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 381-401 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The relative decline of agriculture in growing economies is a central feature of economic development and a major influence on agricultural policies. The literature on the causes of this decline has focused on the relative price effects arising from demand factors, especially Engel`s law, rather than on supply-side influences, such as changes in relative factor endowments and differential rates of technical change. This article develops a simple structural model of the tranformation of the Indonesian economy, applying an error correction mechanism to capture the dynamics resulting from disequilibria and the costs of adjustment. The decline in agriculture`s share of gross domestic product is found to be caused much less by the relative price effects typically emphasized in the literature than by capital accumulatioon and rapid tecnical change in agriculture. |
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