| Nama Pengarang | : | Takamasa Akiyama, Trivedi, Pravin K., James R. Tybout, Gerhard Pohl, Dubravko Mihaljek, Miguel A. Kiguel, Nissan Liviatan, Benoit Blarel et al., Edward F. Buffie, Mark Gersovitz |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 307-330 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article presents an approach to evaluating pricing policies for perennial crops. A flexible computational model is developed, which incorporates important features of perennial crop production that are not captured by other (usually static) frameworks. This framework produces sensible and plausible scenarios for pricing cocoa and coffee in Cote d`Ivoire, as well as descriptions of revenue tradeoffs. Key issues arise from considering major changes in the rules used to set domestic producer prices. An unambiguously best policy is not determined, but several policies improve substantially on the present situation. Most of these alternatives indicate the desirability of lowering the tax on coffee relative to cocoa. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 91-108 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article examines the mechanics and attributes of concerted debt reduction agreements that offer creditors a choice between exit and relending options. The menu approach sets prices that implement a decentralized equilbrium. When banks can commit to choose from the menu and are not allowed to free ride, a menu can be designed that assures that the price paid for debt repurchased is equal to the marginal value of the debt claims. This can be achieved by taxing the gains that accrue to nonexiters with a request for new money. The equilibrium amount of debt reduction rises when the new money request is increased. The importance of banks` heterogeneity for menus to dominate simple concerted buybacks and the case in which debt reduction can be financed by loans from international fiancial institutions are discussed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 139-154 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | One of the major features of structural adjustment is an attempt to reallocate labor-and hence output-through changes in relative prices. This article assesses how price changes affect the working patterns of young people in rural Cote d`Ivoire. The analysis is based on a model of the labor supply of rural households and on the construction of composite price indexes. The data come from the Cote d`Ivoire Living Standard Survey for 1985 and 1986. The panel aspect of the data allows the work choice made in one year to depend on the individual`s choice in the previous year. Results indicate that the price of agricultural output generally is a positive incentive on the decision to participates in labor force. However, this result depends heavily on the employment and education of the individual in the previous period. Those not already working are less likely to respond to favorable movements in the prices of cash crops by entering the work force. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 171-188 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In most of the developing world the education of women lags behind that of men. This could come about from a lack of parental desire for educated daughter or from a perception by the parents that there is a lower net return to education for girls. The relation between gender and education in rural Peru is explores using data from the 1985-86 Peru Living Standard Survey. A model of educational choice is developed. The estimated demand functions are used to assess the impact of user fees on demand and revenues. The empirical evidence indicates that parents are more willing to pay for reduced travel time to secondary school for boys than for girls. However, parents are willing to pay increased fees for girls` schooling sufficient to generate teachers` salaries. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 71-90 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Dismantling subsidies could give rise to serious macroeconomic difficulties in the short run. This article explores a view based on the enterprise sector as a central source and main channel of the stagflation phenomenon, using as an example the stagflation that followed the 1990 stabilization program in Poland. The stagflation phenomenon is linked to features of the financial market that are somewhat peculiar to reforming socialist economies: the weak credit links between households and enterprises, and the existence of large interenterprise debt. The policy implications of the enterprise-side view include more explicit consideration of initial conditions in the credit market, implementation of privatization schemes, and the development of a domestic banking system. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 155-170 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Do social security systems "crowd out" private tranfers from younger to older generations? This question has generated much theoretical discussion, but little empirical work exists to confirm or refute this crowding-out hypothesis. We investigate the connection between social security and private transfers in Peru, using the Peruvian Living Standard Survey, and find that private transfers from young to old would have been nearly 20 percent higher without social security benefits. This indicates that the Peruvian social security system is less effective at delivering benefits to the elderly than a simple assignment of government expenditures would suggest. Social secrity`s displacement of private transfers, while significant, is less than that predicted by models with widespread altruistic transfers. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 33-53 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article analyzes the determinants of open inflation in transitional socialist economies, with reference to recent experience in Hungary and Poland. A simple inflation model is centered on the transmission process and on the short-run dinamics of inflation. Further incorporating a number of features specific to socialist economies and working with quartely data, dynamic price and wage equations are estimated. The estimated equations allow satisfactory exploration of the role and weight of foreign prices and domestic factors in propagating inflation. Foreign prices matter, but developments on the cost side are critical in relating exogenous, policy-driven adjustments to the price level to increases in the rate of inflation. The absence of conventional market-based, equilibrating mechanisms requires that nominal anchors, particularly wage restraints, feature prominently in any stabilization program adopted by reforming socialist economies. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 13-31 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In economies where price control has been the rule, the most serious concern may be recognition of the inflation problem. Beyond the initial correction of subsidies there is the broader issue of the risk of a serious inflation. This article looks at the problem of high inflation in developing countries in Europe and Latin America and draws lessons from historical experience. It analyzes the dinamics of the interaction among deficit finance, institutional innovation in financial markets, dollarization, and the shortening of wage contracts in high-inflation situations. When stabilization is undertaken, there is neither immediate, spontaneous resumption of longer adjustment periods for wages and prices nor instant increase of real money demand to noninflationary levels. Incomes policy-freezing exchange rates, wages, and prices-is advocated as an effective supplement to the inevitable budget cut to make up for institutional inertia and facilitate the start of the stabilization process. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 3-12 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | European socialist economies were commonly characterized by low or negligible open inflation, full employment, and stable relative prices and real incomes. Associated features were significant repressed or hidden inflation and disequilibria in goods markets. More recently, as economic and political reform has advanced, attention has shifted to translating repressed into open inflation. Where such reforms have proceeded against a background of a monetary overhang, the impliations of that overhang for demand-side policies have figured prominently. In all instances, however, the key underlying issue has been the transmission mechanism for inflation once the initial impulse associated with price liberation has been imparted. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 109-124 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Recent evidence suggest that food energy intakes of the poor respond less to income than was once thought. However, it is not intake alone that is of concern, but undernutrition. Two facts confound assessments of how undernutrition responds to incomes and prices: individual nutrient requirements vary in a generally unobserved way, and intakes are observed with error. By modelling observed intake distributions econometrically, straightforward stochastic dominance tests can permit robust qualitative inferences about such responses. An application to Indonesia in the mid-1980s indicates that regional distributions of food energy intake are influenced by average income levels, intraregional inequalities, and local prices of staple food grains-all of which have unambiguous effects on undernutrition. The results suggest that any adverse effects on inequality of a growth process would need to be large to outweight the desirable effects on nutrition. In addittion higher food staple prices still have adverse effects on undernutrition after allowing for their likely positive effects on rural incomes. |
Unduh Dokumen Berkas PDF Utama