| Nama Pengarang | : | Pradeep Mitra, Henrik Dahl, Sweder van Wijnbergen, Luis F. de la Calle, Anwar Shah, Joel Slemrod, Anwar Shah, Javad Khalilzadeth-Shirazi, Jonathan Skinner, Anwar Shah, John Whalley, Christophe Chamley, Peter R. Fallon, Lucas, Robert E. B. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 553-572 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Three examples from the World Bank`s country economic work show how models can complement general principles in guilding the design of a tax reform package. The Bangladesh model highlights the sensitivity of judgements about desirable tax bases to assumptions about the labor market and substitutability in production. The China model quantifies the losses from recommending a single rate value added tax when prices are controlled and public capital is freely provided to state enterprises. The India model shows what fiscal adjustment is consistent with tariff reductions undertaken to promote an outward-oriented development strategy. Most of the costs of constructing tax policy models are related to the need to establish a consistent data set and to calibrate the model in a way that allos it behavior to be consistent with what good economic analysis would lead one to expect. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 291-313 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Considerable uncertainty remains about the human impact of macroeconomic adjustment. Analysis of the impact of adjustment on the poor and on the social sectors is difficult because it involves evaluating a counterfactual situation in which households are affected by prices, incomes, and public services with the possibility of substantial substitutions-all within an economywide framework with complicated concurrent and lagged interactions. In this article, we utilize time-series data for Jamaica to examine whether macroeconomic adjustment, initiated in the early 1980s but intensified in 1984-85, was assosiated with significant deterioration in various indicators of health, nutritional, and welfare outcomes, particularly among the poor. Although we find evidence of substantial cuts in governmental expenditures on social services, there is little confirmation of significant short-run deterioration in human capital indicators during the adjustment period. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 259-289 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The direction and level of changes in real incomes brought about by structural adjustment are determined by a variety of factors, including sources of income, patterns of expenditures, and movements in relative prices in the wake of adjustment. An econometric model is used to derive an index of real income, which is employed for data from Cote d`Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Madagascar, and Tanzania. No systematic changes in relative prices, and especially in the ratio of tradable to nontradable prices, were noted after the beginning of adjustment, although the diversity of income sources implies that the implications of movements in relative prices on smallholder welfare are indeed complex. The results indicate that there is no unequivocal pattern of increase or decline in the real welfare of the rural poor but that there are marked differences among countries and regions. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 187-205 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Eastern Europe experienced an economic crisis between 1978 and 1987. Declining income led to substantial increases in poverty rates in Poland and Yugoslavia, while poverty in Hungary remained at about the same level as before the crisis. In all three countries urban poverty increased, as the economic condition of state sector workers deteriorated to a much greater extent than that of agricultural and mixed households. The increased poverty was entirely explained by declining income, because the overall income distribution did not change or in some cases improved. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 315-338 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article analyzes poverty reduction policies in an applied optimal growth framework. Assuming that poverty reduction is effected through redistribution, it focuses on the static and dinamic tradeoffs between equity and efficiency and on the choice between current income and future income (that is, current productive asset) transfers to the poor. By numerically estimating a stylized economy, it is shown that, given reasonable assumptions about behavioral parameters, the efficiency cost of poverty reduction in an economy on a steady growth path is relatively low. In a period of adjustment folowing a severe exogenous shock, however, the scope for redistribution may be extremely limited if there is a constraint on foreign borrowing. Plausible examples are given of adjustment cases in which poverty reduction becomes optimal only after partial adjustment has been achieved. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 207-229 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The business cycle affects the incidence of poverty,as shown by evidence from Australia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United states. Many of the poor in these countries are outside the labor market, and tranfers are a major source of income for many others, but the unemployment and wage reductions that occur in recession increase the incidence of poverty. Major causes of poverty are unemployment in Australia and the United Kingdom and low wages in the United States. Similar cyclical effects are observed in Sweden, but a vast transfer program virtually eliminates poverty. There are several policy options for combating poverty caused by recession. A combination of unemployment insurance for a limited period followed by a job guarantee is the most effective policy toward unemployment, whereas poverty caused by low earnings can be remedied by redistribution through the tax system. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 177-185 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Deskripsi abstrak ringkas tidak tersedia untuk artikel ini. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 231-257 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | There is considerable uncertainty and debate about changes in poverty and living standards that are likely to occur in an economy in transition from centrally planned allocations to a more market-oriented basis, but a dearth of evidence and rigorous analysis remains. There is a tradeoff between policies that provide a guaranteed living standard with low inequality, albeit at a low income level, and systems that provide much higher monetary incomes, but create greater income variability and vulnerability, particularly during periods of high inflation. The Chinese experience following the economic reforms of 1978 highlights this dilemma, and our analysis strongly suggests the need for appropriate social safety nets if rapid growth is to be achieved without the poor and vulnerable bearing the costs of such growth. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 367-393 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Bolivia`s Emergency Social Fund (ESF) was established to cushion the adverse effects on the poor of the economic crisis and subsequent stabilization program in the 1980s and to facilitate transition through the phases of structural adjustment. The ESF provided temporary employment opportunities by funding small-scale, labor-intensive projects that were proposed by local governmental and nongovernmental organizations. This article measures the impact of the ESF program on employment and income of workers in the ESF projects. For the average ESF worker, hourly wages were 12.8 percent higher, the work week was 9.5 hours longer, and weekly earnings were 32 percent higher than what they would have been without the ESF. Taking into account the probability that the individual may not have worked without the ESF leads to larger gains.The greatest benefits from participating in the program were received by those who would have been least weel-off without it. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Melo, Jaime de, Francois Bourguignon, Akiko Suwa, John Newman, Menno Pradhan, Steen Jorgensen, Wang, Yan, Ehtisham Ahmad, Squire, Lyn, Christopher A. Pissarides, Francois Bourguignon, Branko Milanovic, Sahn, David E., Alexander Sarris, Behrman, Jere R., Anil B. Deolalikar |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 339-366 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | For developing countries the 1990s was a decade of external shocks whose adverse effects were compounded by domestic macroeconomic imbalances and structural inefficiencies.The performance of developing countries during this decade, however, was not uniform. The effects of terms of trade and interest rate shocks are simulated for two model economies, one representing an average Latin American economy and the other representing an average African economy. In addition to the effects of the shocks, the effects of different adjustment policies are examined. As expected, identical shocks and adjustment packages yield different outcomes for growth, poverty, and income distribution in the two economies. The differences in results can be traced to specific features of the models, and, to the extent that the archetypes created are representative of real economies, have implications for adjustment policy prescriptions. |
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