| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 119-144 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A dinamic agricultural sector is critical for alleviating Sub-Sharan Africa`s current economic crisis, and for laying the foundations of sustained future growth. In recent years, however, agriculture has performed poorly in many AFrican countries. Efforts to assist its recovery, often through stuctural adjustment lending, have suffered from inadequate information about country-and region-specific factors, and from an emphasis of macroeconomic policies without complementary intervention at the sector level. The article describes the patterns of agriculture growth in Kenya, Malawi, and Tanzania, and examines price and nonpreice aspects of three sets of factors: initial endowment and subsequent exoenous development, general economic influences, and sectoral issues and policies. It suggests that government action at the sectoral and subsectoral levels in such critical areas as land policy, smallholders` access to inputs, and agricultural research needs to be combined with macroeconomic reforms to achieve sustained and broadbased agricultural growth. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-15 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The ability to test for discrimination in the allocation of goods between boys and girls is hampered by a lack of data on intrahousehold distribution. The analysis presented here allows inferences about intrahousehold allocation to be made from householdlevel expenditure data. For a given level of income, families with children will spend less on adult goods in order to purchase children`s goods. If household purchasing favors boys over girls, smaller expenditures on adult goods would be made by families with boys as compared with those with girls. A method for determining "adult" goods is described, and the procedure for detecting gender bias is applied to data from Cote d`Ivoire and Thailand. The data shoes no evidence of discrimination between boys and girls in Cote d`Ivoire, and a small and statistically insignificant bias in favor of boys in Thailand. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 17-38 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article presents a simple framework to assess the consistency of appropriately defined fiscal deficits with other macroeconomic targets, such as inflation. It also considers the relation of fiscal deficits to output growth, real exchange rate developments, and management of internal and external debt. Finally, it considers the implications of relying on interest-bearing government debt to postpone the adjustment necessary to restore consistency with inflation targets. It demonstrates how the intertemporal budget constraint of the government creates a tradeoff between current and future adjustment. Real interest rate and output growth rates are shown to determine the terms at which this tradeoff takes place. The usefulness of this framework is demonstrated through an analysis of fiscal policy options in Turkey in 1985. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | T. N. Srinivasan, Ritu Anand, Sweder van Wijnbergen, Deaton, Angus , Uma J. Lele, Gaag, Jacques van der , Morton Stelcner, Vijverberg, Wim , Levy, Victor, John L. Newman |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 39-65 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The role of food aid in furthering the economic development of poor countries and in alleviating the adverse effects on the poor of structural and sectoral adjustment programs is discussed. A simple analytical framework for evaluating the incentive and welfare impact of food aid is suggested. Domestic and international markets for food historically have been subject to severe distortions, leading to ever-growing food stocks in some, mainly rich, countries while in others, largely poor, many cannot afford to consume enough food. The possible impact of distortion-free global food markets is sketched. The use of surplus food for payment of wages in rural works programs has often been proposed as a means to create productive assets while alleviating poverty. Using an applied general equilibrium model of the Indian economy, it is shown that a well-designed and efficiently implemented food-for-work program can virtually eliminate object poverty in India at a modest cost. Experience with food aid in several other countries is also briefly discussed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 299-320 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Understanding the determinants of nutrient intake and the influence of nutrition on performance is critical in designing policies to alleviate hunger and malnutrition. A series of studies undertaken by the authors, which are synthesized here, analyzed the influence of prices, income, and women`s schooling on the nutrient intake of those in developing countries and the effect of nutrition on health, productivity, wages, and fertility. These studies suggest that the impact of food price increses may be strong, particularly among those with the lowest incomes, that the growth of income may be less likely to improve nutrient intake than has been suggested by others, and that women`s schooling is important in improving nutrition. These studies also indicate that nutrition exert a positive influence on wages, productivity, and fertility. Our limited knowledge of the role and determinants of nutrition is reflected in the finding of unduly strong effects of seasonality on price-nutrition relations and the lack of a direct association between nutrition and health. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 273-298 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Orthodox stabilization programs in Latin American countries have been notoriously unsuccessful in combating inflation, despite the imposition of stringent cuts in government deficits. In most cases inflation came down only slowly and temporarily, with concomitant declines in growth and employment. The Bolivian program, one of the only Latin American successes, is contrasted with those of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. The problems of dealing with chronic inflation are compared with those of hyperinflationary countries, and the influence of price and wage rigidities, expectations, and credibility is explored. The study shows that fiscal restaint is a necessary but not sufficient condition for success, and that sound management of nominal variables (the exchange rate and money supply) are also necessary. The critical role of credibility is linked with price and wage rigidities in the chronic inflation countries, whereas the unsustainability of hypernflation is seen to increase the credibility of and thus the potential for successful stabilization programs. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 341-348 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Countries facing Voluntary Export Restraints (VER) often adopt a two-tier allocation system for export licenses to the restricted market: (1) a "basic" allocation related to export shares to the restricted market; and (2) an "open" allocation based on export shares to the nonrestricted market. Such a two-tier allocation system increases exports to the nonrestricted market beyond the levels which would exist under the single-quota allocation system and has an efficiency cost as it results in some sales being made at less than marginal cost. The history of VER negotiations provides a rationale for such a policy and suggests that the recent increase in antidumping cases may be partly associated with the adoption of two-tier quota allocation systems. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 348-363 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | When proposals for reform of tariff or subsidy policies are made, attempts to predict the effect on incentives are frequently hampered by the need for input-output technical data. This article develops and illustrates the use of a methodology for approximating Effective Protection Coefficients (EPCs) when such data are unvailable or outdated. It derives the equations which approximate the EPC from statistivcal analysis of a cross section of existing EPC studies for four agricultural commoditiees: corn, cotton, rice, and wheat. Informational requirements for computing approximations include the nominal protection coefficients on output and tradable inputs and readily available macroeconomic data. These approximation equations perform well in an out-of-sample test. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 255-271 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The impact of sector-specific (direct) and economywide (indirect) policies on agricultural incentives for eighteen developing countries for the period 1975-84 are estimated. The direct effect is measured by the proportional difference between the producer price and the border price (adjusting for distribution, storage, transport, and other marketing costs). The indirect effect has two components. The first is the impact of the unsustainable portion of the current account deficit and of industrial protection policies on the real exchange rate and thus on the price of agricultural commodities relative to nonagricultural nontradables. The second is the impact of industrial protection policies on the relative price of agricultural commodities to that of nonagricultural tradable goods. We find that (1) in almost all cases the direct effect is equivalent to a tax on exportable goods (-11 percent on average) and to a subsidy for importables (20 percent on average); (2) the indirect effect also taxes agriculture (-27 percent on average) and dominates the direct effect (whether the direct effect is positive or negative); and (3) the direct policies for both importables and exportables stabilize domestic producer prices. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Cristian Moran, Alberto Valdes, Maurice Schiff, Anne O. Krueger, Malcolm Bale, Patrick J. Conway, Melo, Jaime de, Taeho Bark, Miguel A. Kiguel, Nissan Liviatan, Behrman, Jere R., Anil B. Deolalikar, Wolfe, Barbara L. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 321-340 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A dinamic structural econometric model is developed to analyze movements in manufactured exports and to capture lags in the adjustment to equilibrium. The model is estimated with pooled cross-section time-series data for a representative sample of fifteen developing countries grouped according to their export market power. The results suggest that prices, domestic productive capacity, and external economic activity are critical determinants of manufactured exports from developing countries. The structural parameter estimates are used to infer the effects of changes in destination country income, distinguishing between the short-run and long-run export volume and export revenue effects. The results indicate that domestic economic policies that promote investment and capacity in export-oriented activities are likely to play a key role in increasing foreign exchange earnings in developing countries, even if growth in external demand is slow. |
Unduh Dokumen Berkas PDF Utama