| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 77-103 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Some principles which may be useful in formulating a debt management strategy are articulated. There are four major policy recommendations: (1) stretch out the repayment of the debt; (2) monitor both exports and GDP; (3) ignore the capital loss of the creditors; and (4) watch the domestic deficit. The goal of the recommendations is the maximization of the intertemporal welfare of the country under the constraint that it services its debt. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-47 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The authors revisit in this article the empirical foundation of the alleged secular decline in the prices of primary commodities relative to those of manufactures. They use a newly constructed index of commodity prices and two modified indexes of manufactured good prices, and find that from 1900 to 1986 the relative prices of all primary commodities fell on trend by 0.5 percent a year and those of nonfuel primary commodities by 0.6 percent a year. They thus confirm the sign, but not the magnitude, of the trend implicit in the work of Prebisch. But even the more limited secular decline shown by their relative price indexes may be magnified by an incomplete account of quality improvements in manufacturers. They then show that the evolution of the terms of trade of nonfuel primary commodities is not the same as that of the net barter terms of trade of non-oil-expoerting developing countries. Finally, they find that despite the decline that has probably occured during the current century in the terms of trade of nonfuel primary commodities, the purchasing power of total exports of these products has increased considerably. Similarly, the fall that may have occured after World War II in the net barter terms of trade of developing countries seems to have been more than compensated for by the steady improvement in their income terms of trade. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 49-76 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The economic determinants of the demand for infant delivery services in the Cebu region of the Philippines are examined in this article. Although user charges can be a significant source of revenues to pay for maternal and child health services, important policy questions are whether charging for such services will significantly deter use, and how service quality can be improved. Price and income elasticities of the demand for types of services are computed, and simulations are carried out on the effects of different delivery service characteristics on the type of delivery method chosen. The results suggest that increasing the availability of modern public practitioners and facilities in rural areas, increasing the hours that health care facilities are open, making drugs available, and providing trained midwives for delivery will increase the use of modern delivery services. Perhaps the most important finding-which suggests an area for futher investigation-is the apparent relative insensitivity of the choice of delivery service to changes in prices and household income in our model. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 123-138 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Comparative work on income taxes in developing countries has commonly looked at average tax rates. These rates are often constructed by dividing revenue collections by some measure of private or personal income. Recent controversies have, however, focused on the incentive effects of marginal tax rates. This article develops and applies a simple methodology to compare marginal official tax rates across a sample of fifty developing countries. As would be expected given differences in fiscal capacity, the poorest and the lower-middle-income countries impose relatively low marginal rates, and the rates for the upper-middle-income and developed countries are higher. Conversely, several low-and lower-middle-income countries` tax thresholds start st income levels which are low relative to their mean income when compared with those of developed countries. The results warn against trying to derive information on the disincentive effect of a country`s tax schedule from the highest marginal rate; our data show that this is not an accurate indicator of overall disincentive effects. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Ricardo Martin, Marcelo Selowsky, Gerardo P. Sicat, Arvind Virmani, Schwartz, J. Brad, Akin, John S., Barry M. Popkin, Enzo R. Grilli, Maw Cheng Yang, Daniel Cohen |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 105-121 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | When a country experiences a long-term adverse external shock, resulting in a balance of payments deficit unsustainable in the medium term, how quickly should it adjust? Because time is required for movement of productive factors and consumption patterns, the short-term effect of the shock will be a large increase in the value of foreign exchange. It then pays to borrow abroad during the first years of the transition against those years when full resource and demand reallocations have taken place. To allow this adjustment path, the market exchange rate should follow the shadow exchange rate. This article uses a simple traded/nontraded sector model with lagged responses and optimal borrowing theory to derive a quantitative relationship between the magnitude of the shock and the optimal amount of borrowing, the speed at which the original shortfall of foreign currency should be closed, and the required currency depreciation during the borrowing and repayment period. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 289-317 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A multiregion computable general equilibrium model is used to evaluate the regional, multilateral, and unilateral trade policy options of Mercosur from the perspctive of the welfare of all potetial partners in several proposed agreements. The focus for Brazil is on poverty impacts. The result show that the poorest housebolds in Brazil experience gains of 1.5-5.5 percent of their consumption, which are about three to four times the average gains for Brazil. Protection in Brazil favors capital-intensive manufacturing relative to unskilled labor-intensive agriculture and manufacturing. So trade liberalization raises the return to unskilled labor relative to capital and disproportionately heip tha poor |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 319-344 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Industry affiliation provides an important channel through which trade liberalization can affect worker earnings and wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers. This empirical study of the impact of the 1988-94 trade liberalization in Brazil on the industry wage structure suggests thst although industry affiliation is an important component of worker earnings, the structure of industry wage premiums is relatively stable over time. There is no statistical association between change in industry wage premiums and changes in trade policy or between industry -specific skill premiums to university graduates and trade policy. Thus trade liberalization in Brazil did not significantly contribute to increased wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers through changers in industry wage premiums. The difference between these results and those obtained for studying the conditions under which trade reforms do not have an adverse effect on industry wage differentials |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 367-399 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The article assesses the impact of Argentinas main social policy response to the revere economic crisis of 2002. The program was intended to provide direct income support for families with dependents and whose head had become unemployed because of the crisis. Counterfactual comparisons are based on a matched subset of applicants not yet receiving program assistance. Panel data spanning the crisis are also used. The program reduced aggregate unemployment, though it attracted as many people into the workforce from inactivity as it did people who otherwise woald have been unemployed. Although there was substantial leakage to formally ineligible families and incomplete coverage of those who eligible, the program did partially compensate many losers from the crisis and reduced extreme poverty |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 443-464 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Goverments and international development agencies have intensified efforts to promate small-scale enterprises as an engine of propoor groth. In Brazil, however, small-scale industries may also be responsible for the bulk of air pollution emissions. Although employees of polluting small-scale industries in Brazil are not disproportionnately poor, simulasions suggest that stringent environmental regulation resulting in a nonnegligible increase in poverty among employees of these firms. The result suggest that the enthusiasm for small-scale enterprises needs to be tempered by awarencess of the potential environmental costs imposed by this sector. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 401-421 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Communities differ in important ways in their needs, capacities, and circumstances. Because central governments are not able to discern these differences fully, they seek to achieve their policy objective by relying on decentralized mechanisms that use local information. Household and individual characteristics within communities can also vary substantially. A growing body of theoretical literature suggests that ineguality within communities can influence policy outcome in ways that are either harmful or helpful, depending on the circumstances. Until recently, empirical investigation into the impact of inequality have been held back by a lack of systematic evidence on community-level inequality. This study uses household survey and population cencus data to estimate per capita consumption inequality witwin communities in three developing economies. It finds that communities vary markedly in their degree of inequality. It also shows that there should be no presumtion that inequality is less severe in poor communities. The kind of community-level inequality estimates generated here can be used in designing and evaluating decentralized antipoverty programs. |
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