| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 345-366 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A political economy model of protection is used to determine endogenously the intersectoral patterns of protection. Three propositions are derived that that are consistent with the stylized patterns of tariff protection in rich and poor countries :Nominal protection rates escalate with the degree of processing, protection is higher on average in poor countries, and rich countries protect agriculture relatively more that they protect manufacturing, whereas poor economies confirm yhat the endogenously determined structure of protection in broadly consistent with observed patterns of protection |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Jeffrey S. Hammer, Nazmul Chaudhury, Melo, Jaime de, Marcelo Olarreaga, Olivier Cadot, Chris Elbers {at al }, Rajshri Jayaraman, Peter F. Lanjouw, Martin Ravallion, Emanuela Galasso, Nina Pavcnik et al, Glenn W. Harrison et al |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 423-441 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Unannounced visit were made to health clinics in bangladesh to determine what propotion of medical professionals were at t heir assigned post. Averaged over all job categories and types of facility, the absebtee rate was 35 percent . The absenteerate for physicians was 40 percent at the large clinics and 74 percent at the smaller subcebters with a single physician. Whether the medical provider lives near the health facility, the opportunity cost of the providers time, road acces, and rural electrification are highly correlated with the rate and pattern of absenteeism |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 205-236 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Most researchers examining poverty and multilateral trade liberalization have had to examine average, or per capita effects, suggesting that if per capita real income rises, poverty will fall. This inference can be misleading . Combining results from a new international cross-section consumtion analysis with earnings data from household surveys, this article analyzes the implications of multilateral trade liberalization for poverty in Indonesia. It finds that the aggregate reduction in indonesias national poverty headcount following global trade liberalization masks a more complex set of impacts across groups. In the short run the poverty headcount rises slightly for self-employed agricultural householda, as agricultural profits fail to keep up with increases in consumer prices. In the long run the poverty headcount falls for all earnings strata, as increased demand for unskilled workers lifts incomes for the formerly self-employmend,some of whom move into the wage labor market. A decomposition of the poverty changes in Imdonesia associated with different countries trade policies finds that reform in other countries leads to a reduction in poverty in Indonesia but that liberalization of Indonesias trade policies leads to an increase. The method used here can be readily extended to any of the other 13 countries in the sample. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 155-175 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Moving beyond the simpel comparisons of averages typical of most analyses of house hold income shocks, this article employs quantile analysis to generate a complete distribution of such shocks by type of household during the 1995 crisi in Mexico. It compares the distributions across normal and crisis periods to see whether observed differences were due to the crisis or are intrinsic to the household types. Alternatively, it asks whether the distribution of shocks during normal periods was a reasonablepredictor of vulnerability to income shocks during crisis. It finds large differences in the distribution of shocks by household types both before and during the crisis but little change in their relative positions during the crisis. The impact appears to have beenspread fairly evenly. Households headed by people with less education ( poor ), single mothers, or people working in the sector do not appear to experience disproportionate income drops either in normal times or during crises |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 253-287 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Six dimensions of governance are estimated covering 199 countries and territories for four periods : 19996, 1998, 2000, and 2002. The indicators are based on several hundred individual variabeles measuring perception of governance drawn from 25 data sources constructed by 18 organizations. There individual measures are assigned to categories capturing key dimension of governance. Anunobserved- components model is used to construct six aggregate governance indicators in rach of the four periods. Point estimates of the dimensions of governance are provided as well as the margins of errars for each country for the four periods. Methodological issues are also addrresed, including tests for potential biases, and the interpretation and use of the data, given the estimated margins of errors for the indicators. The data and a Web-based graphical interface are available anline at www.worldbank.org/wbi/governance/govdata2002/index.html. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 131-154 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The impact of macroeconomic crises on the investments made by parents in the human capital of their children is a quastion of considerabel policy importance. Analysis of the effects of the profoun 1988-92 macroeconomic crisis in Peru on the schooling and employment decisions of school-age children in urban areas finds no effect on attendance rates but a significant decline in the fraction of children who are both employed and attend school. It also finds significantly higher mean educational attainment for children exposed to the crisis that for those who were not. These finding may therefore put more effort into school. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 237-252 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | There is little evidence opn the size of the union wage premium in developing economies. The article uses a matched employer-employee data set for Ghana and adopts a quantile regression approach that allows the effects of unionization to vary across the conditional wage distribution. It is shown that if there are intrnfirm differences in unionization, there does appear to be a premium among poorer paid workers in the formal sector. Although this cannot be given a causal interpretation, it suggests important issues about how unions may affect one part of the labor market. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Bernard Hoekman, Marcelo Olarreaga, Francis Ng, Niel-Hugo Blunch, Dorte Verner, Norbert R. Schady, Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, Massimo Mastruzzi, William F. Maloney, Wendy V. Cunningham, Mariano Bosch, Thomas W. Hertel et al |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 175-204 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article assesses the impact of the world price-depressing effect of agricultural subsidies and border protection in OECD countries on developing economies exports, imports, and welfare. Developing economy exporters are likely to benefit from reduction in such subsidies and trade barriers, whereas net importers may lose as world pricesrise. A simple partial equilibrium model of global trade in commodities that benefit from domestic support or export subsidies is developed to estimate the relevant elasticties. Simulationresults suggest that a 50 percent reduction in border protection will have much largepositive impact on developing economies exports and welfare that a 50 percent reduction in agricultural subsidies. Although there is significant heterogeneinty across developing economies, the results suggest that efforts in the Doha Round of WTO negotiations should be directed at substantially reducing bordre protection. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 29-57 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Data from Chinas national rural and urban household surveys used to measure and explain the impacts of changein good and factor princes attributable to acceession to the World Trade Organazation. The price change are estimated separately using a general equilibibrium model to capture both direct and effects of the initial tariff change. The welfare impacts are first-order approximations based on a household model incorporating own-production activities calibrated to household-level data and impising minimum aggregation. The results show negligible impacts on inequality and poverty in the aggregate. However, diverse impacts emerge across household types and regions, associated with heterogeneity in consumption behavior and income sources, with possible implication for compensatory policy responses. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 59-84 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article examines the impacts of Chinas accession to the World Trade Organization ( WTO ) on prices in its agricultural sector. The analysis uses a new methodolagy to estimate nominal protection rates in Chinas agricultural sector before its accession to the WTO. These new measures account for differences in commodity quality within China and between China and world markets. The analysis shows that some of Chinas agricultural commodities are well above world market prices and other are well bellow. The article also assesses market integration and efficiency in China. It finds high degrees of integration between coastal and inland markets and between regional and village markets. The remalkable improvements in market performance in recent years mean that if increased imports or exports affect Chinas domestic price near the border, producers thoughout most of China will feel the price shifts. |
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