| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 23-48 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article analyzes the relationship between export competitiveness and investment in machinery, allowing for imperfect substitution between domestically produced and imported machinery. A translog export price function is estimated for developed, export-oriented developing, and import-substituting developing economies in a panel data setting. Between 1967 and 1990 imported machinery helped lower export prices for export-oriented developing economies. Moreover, throughout the period imported machinery was not a substitute for domestic machinery. Import-substituting developing economies were unable to harness imported machinery to reduce costs early in the period, but from about the early 1980s, with the opening of their trade regimes, they were able to benefit from the cost-reducing effect. The results imply that innovative effort based on imported technologies can be a precursor to the development of domestic innovation capabilities. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 139-148 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Several studies have compared the efficiency of publicly and privately owned water utilities and reached conflicting conclusions on the impacts of ownership on efficiency. This article provides further evidence by estimating a stochastic cost frontier for a sample of Asian and Pacific regional water companies. The results show that efficiency is not significantly different in private companies than in public ones. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-21 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Although average OECD tariffs on imports from the least developed countries are very low; tariffs above 15 percent (peaks) have a disproportional effect on their exports. Products subject to tariff peaks tend to be heavily concentrated in agriculture and food products and labor-intensive sectors, such as apparel and footwear. Although the least developed countries benefit from preferential access, preferences tend to be smallest for tariff peak products. A major exceptation is the European Union, so that the recent European initiative to grant full duty-free and quota-free access for the least develped countries (the so-called Everything But Arms initiative) will results in only a small increase in their exports of tariff peak items(less than 1 percent of total exports). However, as preferences are less significant in other major OECD countries, a more generalemulation of the European Union initiative would increase the least developed countries total exports of peak products by US$2.5 billion (11 percent of total exports). Although almost half of this increase is at the expense of other developing country exports, this represents less than 0.05 percent of their total exports. This trade diversion can be avoided by reducing tariff peaks to a uniform 5 percent applied on a nondiscriminatory basis. However, such a reform would imply no gains for the least developed countries, suggesting that the globally welfare-superior policy of nondiscriminatory elimination of tariff peaks should be complemented by gratr direct assistance to poor countries. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Luc Laeven, Bernard Hoekman, Francis Ng, Marcelo Olarreage, Antonio Estache, Martin A. Rossi, Ashoka Mody, Kamil Yilmaz, Carsten Fink, Aaditya Mattoo, Ileana Cristina Neagu, Thomas F. Rutherford, David G. Tarr, Glenn W. Harrison et al |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 109-137 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Arguing that a relatively high cost of deposit insurance indicates that a bank takes excessive risks, this article estimates the cost of deposit insurance for a large sample of banks in 14 economies to assess the relationship between the risk-taking behavior of banks and their corporate governance structure. The results suggest that banks with concentrated ownership tend to take the greatest risks, and those with dispersed ownership engage in a relatively low level of risk taking. Moreover, as a proxy for bank risk, the cost of deposit insurance has some power in predicting bank distress. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 367-391 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Cross-national data show no association between increases in human capital atributable to the rising educational attainment of the labor force and the rate of growth of output per worker. This implies that the association of educational capital growth with conventional measures of total factor production is large, strongly statistically significant, and negative. These are "on average" results, devired from imposing a constant coefficient. However, the development impact of education varied widely across countries and has fallen short of expectations for three possible reasons. First, the institutional/governance environment could have been sufficiently perverse that the accumulation of educational capital lowered economic growth. Second, marginal returns to education could have fallen rapidly as the supply of educated labor expanded while demand remained stagnant. Third, educational quality could have been so low that years of schooling created no human capital. The extent and mix of these three phenomena vary from country in explaining the actual economic impact of education, or the lack thereof. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 431-449 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article suggests how state enterprises can be incorporated into the theoretical and empirical growth literature. Specifically, it shows that if state enterprises are less efficient than private firms, invest less, employ less skilled labor, and are less eager to adopt new technology, then a large state enterprise sector tends to be associated with slow economic growth, all else remaining the same. The empirical evidence for 1978-1992 indicates that, through a mixture of these channels, an increase in the share of state enterprises in employment by one standard deviation could reduce per capita growth by one to two percentage points a year from one country to another. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 393-429 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article investigates the links between trade policy and economic growth in a panel of 57 countries between 1970 and 1989. It develops a new measure of trade policy openness based on the policy component of trade shares, using in a simultaneous equations system to identify the effect of trade policy on several determinants of growth. The results suggest a positive impact of openness on economic growth, with the accelarated accumulation of physical capital accounting for more than half the total effect, enhanced technology transmission and improvements in macroeconomic policy account for smaller effects. This decomposition is robust with respect to alternative specifications and time periods. The article also successfully tests whether the model exhaustively captures the effects of trade policy on growth. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 451-479 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The authors use different data sets to investigate the dependence of transport costs on geography and infrastructure. Infrastructure is an important determinant of transport costs, especially for landlocked countries. Analysis of bilateral trade data confirms the importance of importance of infrastructure and gives an estimate of the elasticity of trade flows with respect to the trade cost factor of around -3 . A deterioration of infrastructure from the median to the 75th percentile raises transport costs by 12 percentage points and reduces trade volume by 28 percent. Analysis of African trade flows indicates that their relatively low level is largely due to poor infrastructure. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 481-490 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In the past two decades, in a series of banking crises around the world, banks have become systematically insolvent. These crises have accurred in develop and developing economies alike. To make such financial system breakdowns less likely and to limit their costs if they occur, policimakers feel the need for financial safety nets. These include such policies as implicit or explicit deposit insurance, a lender of last resort function of the central bank, bank insolvency resolution procedures, and bank regulation and supervision. Of these policies, explicit deposit insurance has been gaining popularity in recent years. Since the 1980s the number of countries with explicit deposit insurance schemes almost tripled, with most OECD countries and an increasing number of developing economies adopting some form of explicit depositor protection. In 1994 deposit insurance became the standard for the newly created single banking market of the European Union. Establishing an explicit deposit insurance scheme became part of the generally accepted best practice advice given to developing economies. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Eichengreen, Barry, Asli Demiriguc-Kunt, Tolga Sobaci, Anthony J. Venables, Nuno Limao, Romain Wacziarg, Thorvaldur Gylfason, Tryggvi Thor Herbertsson, Gylfi Zoega, Lant Pritchett |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 341-365 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Capital account liberalization, it is fair to say, remains one of the most controversial and least understood policies of our day. One reason is that different theoretical perspectives have very different implications for the desirability of liberalizing capital flows. Another is that empirical analysis has failed to yield conclusive results. |
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