| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 81-113 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article uses longitudinal data from the Philippines to examine whether the timing of malnutrition in early childhood is a critical factor in determining subsequent cognitive development. Although some observers have argued that the first six months of life are the most critical in the sense that malnutrition during that time period harms cognitive development more than malnutrition later in life, analysis of the Philippines data does not support this claim. To the contrary, the data suggest that malnutrition in the second year of life may have a larger negative impact than malnutrition in the first year of life. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 165-176 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article introduces a large new cross-country database, the Database of Political Institutions. It covers 177 countries over 21 years, 1975-95. The article presents the intuition, construction, and definitions of the different variables. Among the novel variables introduced are several measures of checks and balances, tenure, and stability, identification of party affiliation with government or opposition, and fragmentation of opposition and government parties in the legislature. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 33-53 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Albania provides a small amount of social assistance to nearly 20 percent of its population through a system that allows some community discretion in determining distribution. This study investigates how well this social assistance program is targeted to the poor. Relative to other safety net programs in low-income countries, social assistance in Albania is fairly well targeted. Nevertheless, the system is hampered by the absence of a clear, objective criterion to determine the size of the grants from the central government to communes as well as limited information that could be used to implement this criterion. Substantial gains in targeting could be achieved if the central government better allocated transfers to local governments, even holding local targeting at base levels. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 55-80 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article sets flight capital in the context of portfolio choice, focusing on the proportion of private wealth that is held abroad. There are large regional differences in this proportion, ranging from 5 percent in South Asia to 40 percent in Africa. The authors explain cross-country differences in portfolio choice using variables that proxy differences in the risk-adjusted rate of return on capital. They apply the results to three policy issues: how the East Asian crisis affected domestic capital outflows; the effect of the International Monetary Fund-World Bank debt relief initiative for heavily indebted poor countries on capital repatriation; and why so much of Africa`s private wealth is held outside the continent. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 141-164 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Could the simplifying assumptions made in project appraisal be so far from the truth that the expected benefits of public investments are not realized? Using data for Vietnam, commonly used estimates of the benefits from irrigation investments based on means are compared with impacts assessed through an econometric modeling of marginal returns that allows for household and area heterogeneity using integrated household-level survey data. The simpler method performs well in estimating average benefits nationally but can be misleading for some regions, and, by ignoring heterogeneity, it overestimates gains to the poor and underestimates gains to the rich. At moderate to high cost levels, ignoring heterogeneity in impacts results in enough mistakes to eliminate the net benefits from public investment. When irrigating as little as 3 percent of Vietnam`s nonirrigated land, the savings from the more data-intensive method are sufficient to cover the full cost of the extra data required, ignoring other benefits from that data. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Martha de Melo et al., Dominique van de Walle, Dileni Gunewardena, Collier, Paul, Anke Hoeffler, Pattillo, Catherine, Harold Alderman, Thorsten Beck et al., Glewwe, Paul, Elizabeth M. King, Martin Ravallion |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-31 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article takes an integrated approach to evaluating the interaction of initial conditions, political change, reforms and economic performance in a unified framework covering 28 transition economies in East Asia, Central and Eastern Europe, and the FSU. Initial conditions and economic policy jointly determine the large differences in economic performance among transition economies. Initial conditions dominate inexplaining inflation, but economic liberalization is the most important factor determining differences in growth. Political reform emerges as the most important determinant of the speed and comprehensiveness of economic liberalization, raising the important question of what determines political liberalization. Result suggest the importance of the level of development in determining the decision to expand political freedoms. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 457-480 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Consumption booms have been common in both industrial and developing countries, and several explanations have been offered for their occurrence. These include economywide wealth effects associated with favorable movements in the terms of trade or euphoric expextations triggered by macroeconomic reforms, Ricardian effects associated with fiscal stabilization, lending booms following financial liberalization, and a variety of distortions in intertemporal relative prices. Using a large cross-country sample of booms, this article assesses how wedely applicable these explanations are. The key finding is that wealth effects linked to favorable movements in the terms of trade and anticipated improvements in macroeconomic performance seem to have been more important empirically than explanations relying primarily on fiscal phenomena or distortions in intertemporal relative prices. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 445-455 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Almost all of the transition economies in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union experienced a serve decline in their national saving rates. The saving collapse could be explained by the elimination of involuntary saving, a feature of central planning, or by a change in equilibrium saving reflecting the new economic circumstances following the end of socialism. The predicted saving rates of market economies with the same fundamentals as the transition economies before the transition economies before the transition are computed to test for the presence of involuntary saving. The results provide some support for the hypothesis of consumption smoothing. Also considered is whether differences in the extent of liberalization affected saving rates in the cross section of transition economies. This is found to be the case: greater liberalization is association with lower saving with a one-year lag. To the extent that liberalization is associated with future growth, this finding is consistent with smoothing in the face of output evolving along a J-curve. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 481-507 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article takes a systematic cross-national approach to identifying saving transitions-- defined as sustainned increases in the saving rate of 5 percentage points or more--to study their determinants and to reexamine the question of causality between growth and saving. Countries that undergo saving transitions do not necessarily experience sustained increases in their growth rates. In fact, growth rates typically return to their levels before the transition within a decade. By contrast, countries that undergo growth transitions--arising from improved terms of trade, increased domestic investment, or other sources--do end up with permanently higher saving rates. Hence saving transitions do not appear to be causal with respect to superior economic performance. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 393-414 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the determinants of saving rates, presenting the main findings and contributions of the recently completed World Bank research project, "Saving Across the World". The article discusses the basic design of the research project and its core database, the World Saving Database. It then summarizes the main project results and places them in the context of the literature on saving, identifying the key policy and nonpolicy determinants of private saving rates. Special attention is paid to the relationship between growth and saving and the impact of specific policies on saving rates. The article concludes by introducing the studies included in this special issue. |
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