| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 17-47 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article presents a model suggesting that the pattern of a country`s intermediate goods imports affects its level of productivity because a country that imports such goods primarily from technological leaders receives more technology than a country that imports primarly from follower countries. The importance of trade patterns in determining technology flows is quantified using industry-level data for machenery goods imports and productivity from eight member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development between 1970 and 1991. Three conclusions emerge from this work. First, the eight countries studied appear from this work. First, the eight countries studied appear to benefit more from domestic research and development (R&D) than from R&D of the average foreign contry. Second, conditional on technology diffusion fom domestic R&D, a country` import composition matters in technology inflows related to the patern of imports explain about 20 percent of the total variation in productvity growth. The implications of these findings for developing countries are discussed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 167-193 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article develops a method for targeting antipoverty programs and public projects to poor communities in rural and urban areas. The method calls for constructing an extensive data set from a large number of sources and then integrating the entire set into a geographic information system. The data set includes demographic data from the population census; household-level data from a variety of surveys; community-level data on local road infrastructure , public facilities, water points, and so on; and department-level household-, community-; and department-level variables on household consumption is used to identify the key explanatory variables that determine the standard of living in rural and urban areas. This model is then applied to predict poverty indicators for 3,871 rural and urban communities in Burkina Faso and to map the spatial distribution of poverty in the country. A simulation analysis assesses the effectiveness of village-level targeting based on these predictions. The results show that such targeting is an improvement over regional targeting in that it reduces leakage and undercoverage. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 195-219 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Policymakers use poverty maps to design and assess poverty programs. The accuracy of these maps, which is critical for targeting, depends largely on the nature of the istrument used to construct them. Recently, in response to tight budget constraints, many countries have begun to construct poverty maps based on light monitoring surveys that rely on short questionnaires. This article shows that poverty maps constructed from such surveys are not accurate and could result in substantial leakage. Light monitoring surveys do include large samples that can help to target poverty programs at subregional levels. Combining these surveys with more detailed Integrated Surveys can help researchers reduce targeting errors significantly and build improved poverty maps with finer levels of disaggregation. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 147-165 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Poverty maps provide infomation on the spatial distribution of living standards. They are an important tool for policymakers, who rely on them to allocate transfers and inform policy design. Poverty maps are also an important tool for researchers, who use them to investigate the relationship between distribution within a country and growth or other economic, environmental, or social outcomes. A major impediment to the development of poverty maps has been that needed data on income or consumption typically are available only from relatively small surveys. Census data have the required sample size but generally do not have the required information. This article eses the case of Ecuador to demonstrate how sample survey data can be combined with census data to yield predicted poverty rates for the population covered by the census. These poverty rates are found to be precisely measured, even at fairly disaggregated levels. However, beyond a certain level of spatial disaggregation, standard errors rise rapidly. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | David Gisselquist, Jean-Marie Grether, Peter Lanjouw, Jesco Hentschel, Jean Olson Lanjouw, Javier Poggi, Hippolyte Fofack, Stefan Dercon, David Bigman, Guillaume, Dominique, Michel Lambotte, Wolfgang Keller, Bernard Hoekman, Simeon Djankov, Hippolyte Fofack, David Bigman, David G. Tarr, Giorgio Barba Navaretti, Mark J. Roberts, Bee Yan Aw, Sukkyun Chung, Isidro Soloaga, Giorgio Barba Navaretti, Wendy Takacs |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 111-127 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In the fast few decades many developing countries have liberalized trade and investment, removing barriers to imports and allowing the introduction of new foreign technologies. Unfortunately, agriculture often remains outside this reform process. Regulatory obstacles continue to restrain the transfer of technologies through private trade in seeds and other inputs. Industrial countries characteristically allow the transfer of private and public technologies through multiple channels. Developing countries often force technology transfer through a single channel controlled by government agencies, with an emphasis on official performance tests. This article analyzes the institutional arrangements govering the international transfer of new agricultural technologies, examining the cases of agricultural machinery in Bangladesh and seed varieties in Turkey. The analysis shows that allowing the private transfer of technologies and refocusing input regulations on externalities could lead to significant productivity and income gains in developing countries. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 493-508 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Policymakers in most developing countries are concerned about high dropout rates and poor student learning in primary education. The government of the philippines initiated the Dropout Intervention Program in 1990-92 as part of its effort to address these issues. Under this program, four experimental intervention data were randomly assigned to 20 schools, as well as from 10 control schools, in order to evaluate the program`s impact on dropout behaviour and student learning. The economic justification for replication appears to be strongest for the interventions that provided teachers with learning materials, which helped them to pace lessons according to students` differing abilities, and that initiated parent-teacher partnerships, which involved parents in the schooling of their children. The justification was weakest for the school feeding intervention. In addition to the results specific to the Philippines, this research demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring and evaluating interventions in the education sector in other developing countries, including the use of randomized control designs. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 561-578 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article uses detailed industry and household data to understand why Morocco`s lanor market performed poorly in 1985-95. The data indicate that marked structural changes and weak demand in the product market were responsible. This article makes two contributions to the literature. The first is specific: it underscores that the demand for labor is a derived demand and that the performance of the product market is an important determinant of the performance of the labor market. The second is more general: it demonstrates that this kind of microeconomic analysis, using data sets that are often available in developing countries, can inform policy design. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 409-414 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 415-441 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article examines how decentralizing educational responsibility to communities and schools affects student outcomes. It uses the example of El Salvador`s Community Managed Schools Program (Educacion con Participacion de la Comunidad, EDUCO), which was designed to expand rural education rapidly following El Salvador`s civil war. Achievement on standardized tests and attendance are compared for students in EDUCO schools and students in traditional schools. The analysis controls for student characteristics, school and classroom inputs, and endogeneity, using the proportion of ECUDO schools and traditional schools in a municipality as identifying instrumental variables. The articles finds that enhanced community and parental involvement in EDUCO schools has improved students` language skills and diminished student absences, which may have long-term effects on achievement. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 539-560 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Economic transition in Russia was accompanied by a precipitous decline in real income for most of the population. This article analyzes how the decline affected people`s perception of the minimum level of income needed to make ends meet. Individual-level data collected from repeated surveys between March 1993 and September 1996 reveal that 1.5 or that people`s subjective estimate of the minimum income for an adult Russian fell about 1.7 percent each month. This sharp reduction in the face of a decrease in real income meant that the percentage of the population who felt that they were poor declined, even though poverty remained at a very high level (more than 60 percent of the population) throughout the periode. This self-perception is in marked contrast to an `objective` measure of poverty: the percentage of the population whose income was less than a given real poverty line rose. |
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