| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 467-491 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In decentralized education systems programs that promote central mandates may have to be devolved to local governments, communities, and providers. When participation by local governments and providers is voluntary rather than compilsory, the determinants of program placement are important in predicting potential benefits to individuals. This article analyzes incentives for municipalities and private schools to participate in Colombia`s voucher program. It finds that the demand for secondary education relative to the capacity of public schools and the availability of spaces in private schools in the municipality were key predictors of municipal participation, whereas the number of underserved students had a nonlinear effect on participation. Schools whose educational quality was moderate and charged moderate tuition fees were the most likely to participate, the program was less attractive to schools whose quality and fees were high and to schools whose quality and fees were low |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 443-465 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study evaluates a program designed to stimulate girls; schooling through the creation of private girls` schools in poor urban neighborhoods of Quetta, Pakistan. Enrollment growth in these randomly selected neighborhoods is compared to enrollment growth in otherwise similiar neighborhoods that were randomly assigned to a control group. The analysis indicates that the program increased girls` enrollment around 33 percent age points. Boys` enrollment rose as well, partly because boys were allowed to attend the new schools and partly because parents would not send their girls to school without also educating their boys. This outcome suggests that programs targeted at girls can also induce parents to invest more in their boys. The success of the program varied across neighborhoods, although success was not clearly related to the relative wealth of neighborhood or to parents` level of education. Thus the program offers tremendous promise for increasing enrollment rates in other poor urban areas. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Julie A. Litchfield, Harold Alderman, Peter F. Orazem, Jooseop Kim, Peter F. Orazem, Elizabeth M. King, Darin Wohlgemuth, Branko Milanovic, Branko Jovanovic, Jimenez, Emmanuel, Yasuyuki Sawada, Peter F. Orazem, Elizabeth M. King, Julia Lane, Guillermo Hakim, Javier Miranda, Julia Lane, Jee - Peng Tan, Gerard Lassibille |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 509-538 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | After rising during most but not all of the 1060-85 periode, inequality in Chile seems to have stabilized since around 1987. Following the stormy period of economic and political reforms of the 1970s and 1980s, no statistically significant lorenz dominance results could be detected since 1987. Scalar measures of inequality confirm this picture of stability, but suggest a slight change in the shape of the density function, with some compression at the bottom being `compensated for` by a stretching at the top. As inquality remained broadly stable, sustained economic growth led to subtantial welfare improvements and poverty lines. Poverty mixed stochastic dominance tests confirm this result. All of these findings are robust to different choices of equivalence scales. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 357-378 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A computable general equilibrium (CGE) model is used to estimate the macroeconomic and distributional effects of the privatization and regulation of utilities in Argentina, begun in 1989. Based on data available after the privatization that indicate different kinds of efficiency gains in electricity, gas, water, and telecommunications, both the privatization and effective regulation are estimated to yield significant macroeconomic benefits. Gains from the privatization accrue mainly to low income classes. CGE estimates of overall employment effects suggest that privatization was not a major contributor to the dramatic rise in unemployment in Argentina Between 1993 and 1995. This rise was more likely due to the `Tequila Effect` of an interest rate shock. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 303-332 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article discusses tax incidence in Madagascar and ask who pays the taxes that finance goverment spending. Its main concern is to identify the progressivity of different taxes levied in Madagascar, based on the consumption and income patterns found in the 1994 Enquete Permanente aupres des Menages, a nationally representative survey. The results suggest that most taxes are progressive, meaning that wealthy households pay proportionately more of these taxes relative to their expendictures than do poor households. Two notable exceptions are taxes on kerosene and export duties on vanilla, both of which are regressive. These results are consistent with those of a study of Ghana, the only other comparable research on tax incidence in Africa. That study found taxeson kerosene and cocoa exports to be the most regressive taxes in Ghana. Making firm policy recommendations for tax reform would require an analysis of the economic efficiency and administrative efficacy of different taxes to complement this article`s work on their equity implications. Nevertheless, the results suggest that the movement away from trade taxes, especially export duties, and toward broadly based value added or income taxes would be more equitable and more economically efficient. The only legitimate to such reforms in Madagascar is administrative, that is, the government`s ability to collect different taxes affectively. Although administrative efficiency may be a problem for value addes or income taxes, taxes on petroleum products (except kerosene) are highly progressive and provide a good tax handle. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 211-256 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The stronger are the associations between household income and child schooling, the lower is integenerational social mobility and the less equal is opportunity. This study estimates the associations between household income and children`s school success in Vietnam. The estimates indicate that these associations are cinsiderable. for exampel, the income elasticity of completed grades is five times the median estimate of earlier studies. Moreover, this association is strongest for grades completed per year of school, not for completed grades, on which most of the previous literature has focused. There are some gender differences, the most important being a smaller association between income and grades completed per year of school for boys than for girls. This difference implies that schooling of girls is treated as more of a luxury (less of a necessity) than is schooling of boys. This article also investigates some ways in which policies relate to household in comes. School fees are progressive, but school and are a much smaller proportion of a household`s total school-related expenditures. Total household expenditures paid directly to schools increase with household income less proportionately than do school fees alone, so the overall structure of such payments is less progressive than is the structure of school fees. Because school enrollment is positively related to household income, moreover, the structure of school fees progressive for the entire population than for the selected subset that has children enroled in school. Further, the two school quality measures that have the strongest positive association with children`s school success are much more available to higher-income households, meaning that higher-income households have greater school expenditures in part because they are obtaining higher-quality schooling and not because charges for the same quality schooling are progressive across income classes. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 333-356 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Augmented measures of savings and wealth in the national accounts are critical to conceptualizing and achieving sustainable development. After developing the theory of genuine savings traditional net savings less the value of resource depletion and environmental degradation plus the value of investment in human capital this article presents empirical estimates for developing countries. These calculations account for resource depletion and carbon dioxide emissions, using consistent time series data for 1970-93. The empirical evidence shows that levels of genuine saving are negative in wide range of countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, and that these countries are being progressively impoverished. Increasing the coverge of natural resources and polutants in our calculations would reduce the estimated levels of genuine savings overall. The use of genuine savings measures suggests a series of policy questions that are key to sustaining development. These are also explored, specifically the extent to which monetary and fiscal policies, exports of exhaustible resources, stronger resource policies, and pollution abatement measures boost genuine savings rates. For policymakers, linking sustainable developmant to genuine savings rates means that there are many posible interventions to increase sustainability, from the macroeconomic to the purely environmental. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 275-302 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article offers an alternative to the traditional dualisitic view of the reletionship between formal and informal labor markets. For many workers inefficiencies in formal sector protections and low levels of labor productivity may make informal sector employment a desirable alternative to formal sector employment. The analysis offers the first study of worker transitions between sector using detaied panel data from Mexico and finds little evidence in favor of the dualistic view. Traditional earnings differentials cannot prove or disprove segmentation in the developing-country context. The patterns of worker mobilty do not suggest a rigid labor market or one segmented along the formal/informal division. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 379-408 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Using bank-level data for 80 countries in the years 1988-95, this article shows that differences in interest margins and bank profitability reflect a variety of determinants: bank characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, explicit and implicit bank taxation, deposit insurance regulation, overall financial structure, and underlying legal and institutional indicators. A large ratio of bank assets to gross domestic product and a lower market concentration ratio lead to lower margins and profits, controlling for differences in bank activity, leverage, and the macroeconomic environment. Foreign banks have higher margins and profits than domestic banks in developing countries, while the opposite holds in industrial countries. Also, there is evidence that corporate tax burden is fully passed onto bank customers, while higher reserve requirements are not, especially in developing countries. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Martin Ravallion, Peter Lanjouw, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Harry Huizinga, William F. Maloney, Hamilton, Kirk, Michael Clemens, Behrman, Jere R., Knowles, James C., Stephen D. Younger et al., Antonio Estache, Omar Chisari, Carlos Romero |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 257-274 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Assessments of the distributional effect of public spending reforms have generally been based on average rates of program participation by income or expendicture group. This practice can be deceptive because the socioeconomic composition of participants can change as a social program expands or contracts. Thr geographic variation found in 1993-94 household survey data for rural India is used to estimate the marginal odds of participating in schooling and antipoverty programs. The results suggest early capture of these programs by the nopoor. It is shown that conventional methods for assessing benefit incidence underestimate the gains to the poor from higher public outlays and underestimate the losses from cuts. |
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