| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 177-195 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Overwhelming evidence links openness and economic growth. In recent years many developing countries have attempted to liberalize their trade and investment regimes, mostly through autonomous unilateral liberalization. At the same time, a growing number of governments have begun to explore and participate in regional trading agreements. The agreements grant reciprocal trade preferences to participating countries, resulting in discrimination againts nonmembers. The causes and consequences of regional integration have given rise to an extensive an vigorous debate among both scolars policymakers. However, the quality of this debate has been seriously hampered by the absence of clear analytical models and empirical evidence on many of the factors under discussion. Few of the recent arguments in favor of regional integration arrangements have been satisfactorily formalized or tested. To address some of these issues, a World Bank research program focuses on new and developing country aspects of regionalism. The program explores lacunae in the traditional static analysis of regional integration arrangements; addresses the dynamic effects of integration, the economics of deep integration, the economics of deep integration, and the politics and political economy of regional integration arrangements; and compares regionalism with multilateralism. The articles in this symposium address the topic of dynamics, politics, and political economy in regional integration agreements. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 155-174 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Price liberalization in the agrifood economy in the transition economies is likely to slip into a trap: food prices rocket up, consumption declines, but food supply does not catch up and even contracts. However, during the transition period following the 1989 price liberalization, the Polish hog-pork sector succeeded in avoiding this trap. By conducting market structure and econometric analysis, this article looks for the reasons for this success. In the Polish hog-pork sector the restructuring of state-owned enterprises and the emergence of private firms introduced an effective price transmission mechanism between the processing-retailing and farm levels. This mechanism allowed farm supply to respond to changed demand and to take advantage of increased retail prices. Such a relatively efficient marketing system was made possible by a relatively stable macroeconomic environment and limited government intervention. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 105-131 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Expansion of culticulated land diminishes the extent of foreslands or reduces the length of fallow periods and, hence, reduces the amount of natural vegetation. The increase in land under cultivation has a direct output-increasing effect at the cost of reducing natural capital and agricultural productivity. The evidence for western Cote d`Ivoire is consistent with, and provides an explanation for, the declining agricultural productivity observed in Sub-Saharan Africa during the past few decades. This article uses a theoretical model to determine the level of land cultivation that maximizes village income, using data from Cote d`Ivoire for 1985-87. An important part of the land is under common property, usually at the village level. The results show that farmers do not internalize even a small fraction of the external cost of biomass in their land allocation decisions. The lack of internalization of the social cost of the biomass resource leads to large income losses at the village level-as much as 14 percent of village income. These losses are many times larger than the usual estimates for conventional distortions. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 59-79 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article highlights the importance of firms` own investments in technological capability. Recent research on the nature and extent of technical change in developing countries shows that the accumulation of technology capability should be treated not as a by-product of some other activity but as an activity in its own right. This research also points to the critical role of firms and indicates that firm-level efforts to obtain international knowledge may have higher payoffs when accompanied by complementary investments in the development of in-house technological capabilities. Using micro data from Taiwan (China), the authors estimate the technical efficiency of firms. They proxy firm-level efforts at modifying or adapting technology by expenditures on research and development and on-the-job training. They then use a stochastic production frontier model to estimate the correlation of a firm`s efficiency both with investments in training and research and development and with international linkages (such as exporting, direct foreign investment, and foreign technology licences). The evidence from manufacturing firms in Taiwan suggests that efficiency is positively correlated with the firm`s investments in training and research and development and with its informal contacts with foreign purchasers through export sales. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 81-104 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article examines the impact of cognitive skills on the income of households in Ghana. It uses scores on mathematics and English tests to measure cognitive skills and estimates the returns to these skills based on farm profit, off-farm income, and total income. The article uses Powell`s censored least absolute deviations and symmetrically trimmed least squares estimators to estimate farm and off-farm income. In contrast to Heckman`s two-step or the Tobit estimator, Powell`s estimators are consistent in the presence of heteroscedasticity and are robust to other violations of normality. The results show that cognitive skills have a positive effect on total and off-farm income but do not have a statistically significant effect on farm income. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 133-153 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In theory, economic instruments should overcome the market failures that lead to excessive deforestation. Secure property rights could be established and enforced to eliminate the open access problem. In practice, the size of the welfare loss that arises from market failures in the forest sector in the absence of such first-best policies is determined by the incentives, prices, and policies faced by those who make decisions about land use. In many cases, the effects of policies on deforestation are not straightforward. For example, there are conflicting views on whether an increase in the price of logs leads to an increase or a decrease in deforestation. The effect of a change in the price of logs has particular relevance for the controversial debate about the effect on deforestation of a ban on log exports or other trade restrictions that lower the domestic price of logs. This article provides an analitical framework for determining the effects of changes in economic policies and parameters on deforestation. It models dynamic, profit maximizing land-use choices and obtains unambiguous comparative static results by distinguishing between unmanaged and managed forests. The results suggest that measures to reduce the producer price of logs could be a second-best policy to reduce the pressures on the frontiers of unmanaged forests and to protect biodiversity. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-28 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study employs a new methodological approach that measures production efficiency in changing trade patterns. It shows that the most rapidly growing products in Mercosur`s intratrade generally are goods in which members do not have a comparative advantage and have not been able to export competitively to outside markets. This is consistent with substantial trade diversion within the arrangement. Mercosur`s discriminatory tariffs against nonmembers, which are four to six times higher than those in arrangements such as the European Union, European Free Trade Area, or North American Free Trade Agreement, are likely the cause. Recent further increases in Mercosur`s tariffs againts nonmembers are likely to exacerbarte the magnitude of trade diversion. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Tarhan Feyzioglu, Vinaya Swaroop, Min Zhu, Yeats, Alexander J., Joachim von Amsberg, Dean Jolliffe, Geeta Batra, Bee Yan Aw, Ramon Lopez, Anning Wei, Waldemar Guba |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 29-58 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The donor community has been increasingly concerned that development assistance intended for crucial social and economic sectors might be used directly on indirectly to fund unproductive military and other expenditures. The link between foreign aid and public spending is not straightforward because some aid may be "fungible." This article empirically examines the impact of foreign aid on the recipient`s public expenditures, using cross-country samples of annual observations for 1971-90. For the base sample of 14 developing countries, it finds that aids is not fungible at the aggregate level and there is no associated tax relief. Increasing the number of countries, however, makes aid fungible. Moreover, results based on the main sample indicate that aid is fungible in three out of five sector examined. Developing-country governments receiving earmarked concessionary loans for agriculture, education, and energy reduce their own resources going to these sector and use them elsewhere;only loans to the transport and communication sector are fully spend on the purposes intended by donors. Because most aid appears to be fungible, the rate of return on a specific donor-funded project tells little about the impact of that assisance; a better approach may be to tie foreign aid to an overall public expenditure program that provides adequate resources to crucial sectors. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 383-408 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A ban restricting each car from driving on a specified weekday is found to have increased total driving in Mexico City. Because of the ban, cars effectively represent "driving permits," and some households have bought an additional car and increased their driving. Greater use of old cars, congestion effects, and increased weekend driving may also have contributed to the disappointing results. The ban has high welfare costs and doesnot deliver the intended benefits of reduced driving-quite the contrary. The experience provides an interesting lesson in applied welfare economics. Theory indicates that this is a costly way of reducing traffic and pollution. But the finding that the strategy is counterproductive could be made only with applied quantitative analysis. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 409-432 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article addresses the problem of how to determine the optimal allocation of public expenditure in the health sector. The first part poses the question: How should the set of services provided in the public health care system and the fees charged for them be chosen to maximize the health status of the population with a fixed budget? First, the finding show that policy reform should take into account the response of the private sector. Substituting for a reasonably well-functioning private sector is not as valuable as providing services the private sector cannot. Second, the assumptions needed to justify the cost-effectiveness of medical interventions as a criterion for setting priorities are so restrictive as to make this method usable in few, if any, circumstances. Third, prices for any one service should be set to balance the conflicting goals of encouraging its use and of conserving the budget for more effective services. The second part broadens the objective of policy to cover the standard welfare economics concerns of utility and market failure, the latter being extensive in the health sector. It reexamines welfare maximization rules to show that only the market failure components of shadow priced are needed to calculate the welfare gains from public investments. |
Unduh Dokumen Berkas PDF Utama