| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 219-245 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A competitive official real exchange rate is important to external balance and sustainable medium-term growth in developing countries. This article presents a methodology for estimating the appropriate real rate and provides a basis for evaluating the extent to which the prevailing rate is misaligned. In particular, the medium-term equilibrium real exchange rate is evaluated by estimating the effects of structural factors on the trend observed for a country`s real compared with the rates of its major trading partners, taking into account the effects of macroeconomic policy. Structural factors include terms of trade, external capital flows, and trade policy, plus other factors relevant to the circumstances of individual countries. The implied change in the medium-term equilibrium real rate is compared with that of a historical reference period. The application of this methodology to two developing countries, the Philippines and Tanzania, illustrates how it can complement and improve upon other analytic approaches, such as those using purchasing power parity and analysis of paralel rates. This approach is complemented by an analysis of the relation between a country`s real exchange rate and those of its major competitors. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 273-300 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Deskripsi abstrak ringkas tidak tersedia untuk artikel ini. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 203-235 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Emphasis is often placed on the promotion of small enterprises in developing countries, particularly as a means of improving the lot of unskilled workers. This focus raises questions about the relationship between establishment size and the pattern and efficiency of factor use, and about the nature and effects of price differentials in factor markets. This article goes some way toward answering these questions with data from surveys of small manufacturing enterprises in India and Colombia sponsored by the World Bank and relevant material from other countries. The article also examines India`s long-standing policy, unusual among developing countries, of providing special support and protection for small enterprises. Analyses based on dissegregated data found that small firms are not reliably more labor-intensive than their larger counterparts; not are they consistently more technically efficient in their use of resources. In light of these findings and an analysis of factor markets, this article discusses the general implications of the research results for industrial policy in developing countries. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 301-336 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Deskripsi abstrak ringkas tidak tersedia untuk artikel ini. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 337-356 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Deskripsi abstrak ringkas tidak tersedia untuk artikel ini. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 357- |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Deskripsi abstrak ringkas tidak tersedia untuk artikel ini. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Gerard Gennote, Sayeed Sadeq, Kharas, Homi J., Mohsin S. Khan, J. Saul Lizondo, Jeffrey S. Hammer, Avishay Braverman, Anne Gron, Mayo, Stephen K. , David J. Gross, I. M. D. Little, Lal, Deepak |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 237-272 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Deskripsi abstrak ringkas tidak tersedia untuk artikel ini. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 181-199 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article examines the extent of nontariff barriers (NTBs) to the visible imports of sixteen industrial countries. It uses three alternative measures to show that governmental commodity-specific border measures affect more than 27 percent of all imports and more than 34 percent of imports from developing countries. It also shows that during the period from 1981 to 1983, NTBs became significantly more extensive. Detailed statistics reveal considerable variations in NTB coverage by commodity, type of barrier, importer, and exporter. The data on which these conclusions are based were compiled from official information at the highest level of disaggregation and are described in the article. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 3-33 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The governments of developing countries are contrained in the effective implementation of domestic policy by the interlinkages of national and international financial markets. Domestic macroeconomic conditions are influenced by the interaction of national and world interest rates and prices, and through the impact of real exchange rates on employment. The domestic responses to changes in these factors are often strong and rapid. In an attempt to sever these ties, governments have adopted dual exchange rate systems in which capital account transactions are conducted at a depreciated exchange rate while an otherwise overvalued rate is maintained for commercial trade. This article suggests that dual rates can indeed be used successfully as a strictly transitory policy to offset sudden shocks in capital markets.The article develops models which indicate why these dual systems are able to prevent inflationary or recessionary pressures caused by a misaligned exchange rate in the short term. While free capital account rates can cut the flow of capital flight, however, a dual rate system cannot prevent a possibly equivalent loss of foreign recerves that will ultimately result because of the impact of the overvaluation of the commercial rate on the trade balance. In the longer term, a dual rate system with a misaligned commercial rate exacerbates the government`s deficit; ultimately, real wages must be cut and real interest rates raised to generate sufficient foreign exchange to finance the external debt. Thus a dual rate works well if the commercial rate is maintained close to the equilibrium level. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Economic Review |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 103-148 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article uses a limited general equilibrium model to investigate the growth and equity effects of a variety of economic and technical changes and selected agricultural policies in India. It explores how changes in food prices, rural wages, and farm profits assosciated with the Green Revolution period affected income distribution between net buyers and sellers of food. The model shows that income gains from the Green Revolution initially accrued to the wealthier rural groups but that after 1972-73 they were transferred to urban consumers and that by 1980-81 the per capita incomes of poor and wealthier rural groups alike were barely above their respective 1960-61 levels. The models is also used in counterfactual analysis of the impact of changes in technological, demographic, investment, taxation, and income redistribution variables. Its findings indicate the importance of trade policies for the nature of the equity outcomes from agricultural growth and suggest that a reduction in population growth and an increase in nonagricultural employment and income are required to convert agricultural growth into reduced rural poverty. |
Unduh Dokumen Berkas PDF Utama