| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 13-16 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 5-7 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 35-44 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The purpose of this paper is to present new measures of the benefits from education. These measures are based on the incremental effect on human wealth of participation in formal schooling. We define human wealth as the sum of lifetime labor incomes for all individuals in the U.S. population. These incomes include the value of time spent working and the value of nonmarket labor activities, which are defined to include parenting and the enjoyment of leisure. Our estimates of lifetime labor incomes are drawn from an extensive data base on income from work. We have enlarged this data base to incorporate the value of nonmarket activities. We compare our estimates of investment in education and human wealth with estimates based on the expenditures of educational institutions. We find that these expenditures are very much smaller than the benefits of education. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 27-34 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Several studies have investigated survey data on the prevalence of on-the-job training. These studies have sought to discover who receives training and the effects of this labor market experience on workers` wages, wage growth, turnover, and employment. What is the magnitude of workers` and employers` investments in job training? How profitable are such investments? The first part of the article considers these questions. The second reviews studies that provide recent measures of technological change by industry, such as productivity growth indexes or research and development expenditures. The studies explore effects of technological changes on demands for educated and trained workers and on consequent changes in wage structures, labor turnover, and unemployment. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Brown, John Seely, Collins, Allan, Paul Duguid, Jacob Mincer, Dale W. Jorgenson, Barbara M. Fraumeni, Annemarie Palincsar, Levin, Henry M. , Samuel S. Wineburg, Eric A. Hanushek, Kevin Murphy, Finis Welch |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 10-12 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 17-25 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This essay presents arguments for the view that complex human behavior of the type that interests educational researchers is by its nature unpredictable if not indeteminate, a view that raises serious questions about the validity of a quantitative, experimental, positivist approach to educational research. The arguments are based on (a) individual differences, (b) chaos, (c) the evolutionary nature of learning and development, (d) the role of consciousness and free will in human behavior, and (e) the implications of quantum mechanics. Consequently it is argued that educational research that attempts to predict and control educational outcomes cannot be successful and that educational research should focus on provide findings that can be used to improve our understanding of learning, development, and education and to facilitate their evolution. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 11-16 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) has made significant changes following a severely critical evaluation by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1986. Improvements are under way to fill data gaps, raise technical standards, and expand staff resources. Sharply increased appropriations and new legislation indicate Executive Branch and Congressional support. Researchers are encouraged to advise the Center, use the newly enlarged data for analyses, and propose targeted supplements to NCES studies. The ``new NCES`` will persist because data are needed by the public and by decision makers. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Ennis, Robert H., Emerson J. Elliott, Gary A. Cziko |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 4-10 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The claim that critical thinking is subject specific appears to be of practical importance and theoretical interest. Its meaning is unclear, however, and discussions of its are often confusing and at cross purposes. In an attempt to clarify the topic, Ennis offers a number of distinctions, including a distinction among three versions of subject specificity: domain, epistemological, and conceptual subject specifity. He holds that the first two versions contain valuable insights, but that all three suffer from excessive vagueness of their basic concept (domain, field, and subject, respectively). If the proposed clarification and critique are appropriate, then a number of avenues of research-at both practical and theoretical levels-need to be pursued, some of which are outlined in this essay. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 12-19 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Eager to boost literacy, economic growth, and national institutions, Third World governments and international aid agencies have greatly expanded schooling since the 1950s. Enrollments have quintupled since the late `50s, from 100 million children to now more than 500 million. The sharp economic decline felt over the past decade throughout the developing world, however, has led to deep cuts in education budgets. Child populations are doubling every 20 years in many countries. Popular demand for primary schooling, as manifest in enrollment rates, continues to skyrocket. This conflict between ever-rising enrollments and falling resources is severely eroding school quality. We detail and illustrate this collapse of educational quality, calling on North american educators to recognize this quiet crisis and to contribute to its remedy. In addition, we map out a strategy for attacking the problem, drawing on the growing body of Third World research and new initiatives coming from international organizattions. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 5-11 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Because both score meaning and the value implications of scores as a basis for action are central issues in test validation, a unified view of validity is required that comprehends both the scientific and the ethical underpinnings of test interpretations and use. This unified concept of validity integrates considerations of content, criteria, and consequences into a construct framework for testing rational hypotheses about theoretically relevant relationships, including those of an applied as well as of a scientific nature. The essence of unified validity is that the appropriateness, meaningfulness, and usefulness of score-based inferences are inseprable and that the unifying force behind this integration is the trustworthiness of empirically grounded score interpretation, that is, construct validity. |
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