| Nama Pengarang | : | Bloom, Benjamin S., Richard J. Kroc |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 3-16 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 15-21 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The "New" or post-Kuhnian philosophy of science emphasizes a historical, comparative assessment of research traditions: here, its use as acritical perspective on current research traditions is explored, with process product research on teaching as a living example. The research tradition`s assumptions about the nature of teaching and the proper methods for studying it are criticized, and an approach that emphasizes different outlooks is recommended. Reflection on the philosophical approach itself leads to recommendations of caution and suggests the philosopher`s responsibility to be more than negatively critical. The power of the approach is seen in its results |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 5-10 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | There are many different languages and logics of educational research. One helpful away to get some perspective on them is to see their roots in three dominant 20 th century philosophical traditions (a la Berntein): logical empiricism (positivism); interpretive theories (analytic, phenomenological, and hermeneutic); and critical theory (neo-Marxist). Another way is to demonstrate, through an analysis of the universal phenomenon of pedagogy, that empirical (causal0, interpretive (meaningful), and critical (normative)dimensions characterize pedagogy and hence all need to be studied if pedagogical research is to be honest to its subject matter. By extrapolation the same argument is made for educational research writ large, and researchers are urged to be openminded in their rational appraisal of claims across traditions. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Walter Borg, Jonas F. Soltis, James W. Garrison, C.J.B. Macmillan |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Educational Researcher |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 11-14 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Cook and Campbell (1979) identify five threats to internal validity that they claim cannot be controlled by using control group designs with random assignment of subjects. In this article, I suggest a design in which the control group subjects are given an alternate treatment that they perceive as equally desirable and that is similar in duration and procedures to the experimental treatment but that is concerned with dependent variables that are unrelated to the experimental treatment. I suggest that this design rules out or reduces all five internal validity threats, and I discuss the reasons supporting my opinion. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 181-201 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Seven case studies-from Bolivia, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico, Nicaragua, Taiwan (China), and Turkey-demonstrate the feasibility of conducting rigorous impact evaluations in developing countries using randomized control designs. This experience, covering a wide variety of settings and social programs, offers lessons for task managers and policymakers interested in evaluating social sector investment. The main conclusions are: first, policymakers interested in assessing the effectiveness of a project ought to consider a randomized control design because such evaluations not only are feasible but also yield the most robust results. Second, the acute resource constraints common in developing countries that often make program rationing unavoidable also present opportunities for adopting randomized control design. Policymakers and programs managers need to be alert to the opportunities for building randomized control designs into development programs right from the start of the project cycle because they, more than academic researchers or evaluation experts, are in the best position to ensure that opportunities for rigorous evaluations are exploited. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 273-295 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Most countries in Central America and the Caribbean depend heavily on agriculture; efforts to sustain and improve the sector`s productivity are therefore crucial to the region`s economic development and to the welfare of its people. Land degradation is thought to pose a severe threat to the sustainability of agricultural production. Yet despite long-standing concern about this threat and dramatic claims of environmental damage, surprisingly little empirical analysis has been done on the causes and severity of land degradation problems in the region and how best to tackle them. Meanwhile, many of the conservation programs designed to address the problems have fallen short of expectations. Often farmers have not adopted the recommended conservation practices or have abandoned them once the project ended. The research presented in this article attempts to bridge the empirical gap, using cost-benefit analysis to investigate the nature and severity of the soil degradation problem and to assess the cost-effectiveness of proposed solutions. Because soil degradation problems tend to be site-specific, the analysis is rooted in case studies, and because conservation programs stand or fall on the participation of farmers, the study`s main focus is on the profitability of the measures and the deterrents to their adoption from the farmers` point of view. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 241-272 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In the past decade governments all over the world have begun privatizing state enterprises-indeed, it is becoming quite hard to find a country without a program of privatization under way or at least on the policy agenda. This striking reversal of the push to expand state ownership in the 1960s results from generally poor performance of state enterprises and a disappointing record of past reform efforts that fell short of ownership change. This article examines the objectives of privatization and the strategies for achieving them, documenting recent trends and reviewing the experience with privatizing state-owned commercial, manufacturing, and service enterprises in both competitive and noncompetitive markets. The authors analyze the various tactics that can be or have been employed, in relation to scope, pace, sequencing, and methods of implementation. The evidence shows that privatization produces benefits of efficiency and innovation-if done right. The lessons of experience discussed in the article offer guidance on how to realize the promise of privatization while minimizing the risks and costs. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 159-180 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Invariably, studies, proposals, and plans for social programs contain a strong recommendation for evaluation and monitoring. Reliable information about what works and why is clearly vital for improving existing programs or designing future ones. Making such assessments requires effective methods of evaluation. Policymakers who use these evaluations need to know about the methods-the pitfalls to watch for and the relative advantages and disadvantages of different techniques in different situations. This article describes these evaluation methods and the experience accumulated in the United States in applying them in practice. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Martha Ainsworth, Mead Over, Jean Baldwin Grossman, Sunita Kikeri, John Nellis, Mary Shirley, Ernst Lutz, Stefano Pagiola, Carlos Reiche, John Newman, Laura Rawlings, Paul Gertler |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 203-240 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Because AIDS affects primarily the most productive age group and is fatal and widespread, it will have a larger impact on African development than other more common diseases. Infection rates are higher in urban than in rural areas, and studies suggest that they are highest among urban high-income, skilled men and their partners. Macroeconomic models show that the greater the infection rate among educated workers and the greater the propensity to finance medical care out of savings, the more detrimental is the impact of AIDS on the growth of percapita income. Regardless of the macroeconomic effect, most households and businesses directly affected by AIDS will be economically worse off, at least in the short run. It is not clear, however, what effect AIDS will have on poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa or on income inequality. Governments need to assess the potential economic impact of AIDS, implement cost-effective programs to mitigate the impact, and target prevention programs to the economic sectors most sensitive to HIV infection. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 49-70 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Providing affordable credit to the rural populations has long been a prime component of development strategy. Government and donors have sponsored and supported supply-led rural finance institutions both to improve growth and equity and to neutralize or mitigate urban-biased macroeconomic policies. But because of high risks, heavy transaction costs, and mounting loan losses, many of the programs have drained state resources to little purpose, reaching only a small part of the rural population and making little progress toward self-sustainability. There are, however, a few success stories. This article reviews the policies, modes of operation, incentives, and financial performance of four publicly sponsored programs in Asia that are widely perceived to be successful, to find out what economic, social, and institutional factors contributed to their success. |
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