| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 199-224 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Recent empirical and theoretical literature sheds light on the disappointing experience with implementation of primary health care programs in developing in developing countries. This article focuses on the evidence showing two weak links in the chain between government spending for services to improve health and actual improvements in health status. First, institutional capacity is a vital ingredient in providing effective services. When this capacity is inadequate, health spending, even on the right services, may lead to little actual provision of services. Second, the net effect of government health services depends on the severity of market failures-the more severe the market failures, the greater the potential for government services to have an impact. Evidence suggests that market failuresare the least severe for relatively inexpensive curative services, which often absorb th bulk of primary health care budgets. A companion paper, available from the authors(seep p.219), offers a perspective on how government funds can best be used to improve health and wellbeing in developing counties. It gives an alternativeview of appropriate public health policy, one that focuses on mitigating the characterirtic market failures of the sector and tailoring public health activities to the government`s ability to deliver varous services. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 265-270 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 225-249 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In the 1990s the concept of social capital-defined here as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively-enjoyed a remarkable rise to prominence across all the social science disciplines. The authors trace the evolution of social capital research as it pertains to economic development and identify four distinct approaches the research has taken: communitarian, networks, institutional, and synergy. The evidence suggests that of the four, the synergy view, with its emphasis on incorporating different levels and dimensions of social capital can generate, has the greatest empirical support and lends itself best to comprehensive and coherent policy prescriptions. The authors argue that a significant virtue of the idea of and disourse on social capital is that it helps to bridge orthodox divides among scholars, practitioners, and policymakers. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 145-172 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article surveys the issues involved in slowing the climate change induced by global emissions of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide. It addresses the possible social and economic impacts of global warming the elements involved in evaluating the pros and cons of steps to reduce those impacts, and the issues involved in enganging most of the world`s states in a cooperative endeavor to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It expresses doubts about the efficacy of a global approach based on national emission targets, such as those set by the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and favors instead mutuallyagreed actions focused on a common emission tax. It also discusses issues of compliance with an international agreement, and contingency actions that might be considered if the problem proves to be more serious than now seems to be the case. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 177-197 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Much of the current debate on reforming the international financial architecture is aimed at reducing the risks of contagion-best defined as a significant increase in cross-market linkages after a shock to an individual country (or group of countries). This definition highlights the importance of ather links throught which shocks are normally transmitted, including trade and finance. During times of crisis, they ways in which shocks are transmitted do seem to differ, and these differences appear to be important. Empirial works has helped to identify the types of links and other macroeconomic conditions that can make a country vulnerable to contagion during crisis periods, although less is known about the importance of microeconomic considerations and institutional factors in propagating shocks. Empirical research has helped to identify those countries that are at risk of contagion as well as some, albeit quite general, policy interventations that can reduce risks. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Kenneth J. Arrow, Dornbusch, Rudiger, Yung Chul Park, Claessens, Stijn , Richard N. Cooper, Michael Woolcock, Deepa Narayan, T. N. Srinivasan, Deon Filmer, Jeffrey S.Hammer, Lant H. Pritchett, Williamson, John |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 173-175 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 85-98 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The global deregulation of financial markets has created new investment opportunities, which in turn require the development of new instruments to deal with the increased risk. Institutional investors who are actively engaged in industrial and emerging markets need to bedge their risk from these croos-border transactions. agents in liberalized market economies who are exposed to volatile commodity price and interest rate changes require appropriate bedging products to deal with them. And the economic expansion in emerging economies demands that corporations find better ways to manage financial and commodity risks. The instruments that allow market participants to manage risk are known as derivatives because they represent contracts whose payoff at expiration is determined bythe price of the underlying asset-a currency, an interest rate, a commodity, or a stock. Derivatives are traded in organized exchanges or over the counter byb derivatives dealers. Since the mid-1980s the number of derivatives exchanges operating in both industrial and emerging-market economies has increased substantially. What benefits do these exchanges provide to investors and to the home country? Are they a good idea? Emerging markets can capture important benefits, including the ability to transfer risks, enhance public information, and lower transaction costs, but the success o0f a derivatives exchange depends on the soundness of the fundations on which it is built, the structure that is adapted, and the products that are traded . |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 47-67 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The debate about industrial policy occasioned by the East Asian financial crisis is the latest chapter in an ongoing discussion about the effectiveness of selective government intervention in fostering rapid industrial growth. The crisis that began in the Republic of Korea in1997 and the weak growth in Japan over much of the 1990s have prompted a reexamination of the effectiveness of the government actions in the two countries that pursued sectoral selectivity most intensively. If indeed industrial policies were important in accelerating growth, there my be lessons for other countries still in the early stages of industrialization. Conversely, if the magnitute of the contribution was small, more conventional policies should be pursued unlessit is assumed that governments can improve on the efforts of Japan and Korea. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 99-144 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Africa`s disappointing economic performance, the East Asian financial crisis, and the weak record of the former Soviet Union have focused attention on the role of institutions in determining a country`s economic growth. This article critically reviews the literature that tries to link quantitative measures of institutions, such as civil liberties and property rights, with growth of gross domestic product across counties and over time. An important distinction is made between indicators that measure the performance or quality of institutions and those that measure political and social characteristics and political instability. The evidence suggests a link between the quality of institutions and investment and growth, but the evidence is by no means robust. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 69-84 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Should governments ever override bank regulators who are attempting to close down insolvent financial institution? An analysis of chile`s history shows that time after time from the 1850s to the 1980s, prudential banking regulations were abandoned during economic crises when attempts to impose tight solvency standards proved impossible to enforce. Chile`s current stringent banking regulations may prove more durable, but mounting financial distress is equally likely to lead the government to adopt policies that prevent bank failure but undermine the authority of regulator. Bank regulators, including the central bank, are responsible for creating a financial safety net to protect depositors against loss and for enforcing the rules of prudent behavior that are required for a stable financial system. Because safety nets often additionally cover losses to bank owners and borrowers, the support they offer encourages risk-taking by the private sector-an action that may promote financial deepening, but at a high budgetary cost to the government. Poorly designed safety nets may have to be suspended during crises to prevent losses from mounting and to limit the government`s liability. |
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