| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 147-170 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Although governments have traditionally used subsidized credit programs to promote agricultural growth, this approach has generally failed to improve incomes and alleviate poverty in rural areas. It has also led to the mistaken belief that rural credit programs cannot be profitable. A new approach seeks to raise standards of living in rural areas by casting the government in a very different role-one of setting a favorable legal and policy environment for rural financial markets and addressing specific market failures cost effectively through well-designed and self-sustaining interventions. There is evidence that this approach can be highly successful. The Village Bank system of Bank Rakyat Indonesia has shown that financial services can be extended to millions of low-income rural clients without relying on subsidies. Indeed, the program has generated enormous profits for the bank by using simple, innovative, and largely replicable techniques. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 271-301 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The escalating costs of traditional social security systems are forcing countries to reevaluate the formal programs that provide income maintenance support to the aging. This article suggests a reform strategy built around three systems, or ``pillars, `` to provide old-age security-a public pillar with mandatory participation, a private, mandatory savings plan, and a voluntary savings systems. Three variations of this model are being implemented in different countries: the Latin American model, in which individual workers choose an investment manager for their retirement funds; the OECD model, in which employers, union trustees, or both choose the investment manager for an entire company or occupation; and the Swedish national account model, a reformed pay-as-you-go first pillar that may be supplemented by a second, funded pillar. Preliminary empirical evidence on the efficiency and growth effects of pension reform, mostly from Chile, indicates that the impact on national saving and financial market development and, through these, economic growth, has been positive and possibly large. Problems concerning high administrative costs and regulations that distort investment decisions remain to be resolved, however. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | John Baffes, Jacob Meerman, Estelle James, Charitonenko, Stephanie, Jacob Yaron, McDonald Benjamin, Dominique van de Walle, Harold Alderman, Kathy Lindert, Gerard Caprio, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Bernard Hoekman |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 191-211 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Drawing from the experience of the direct income support programs recently introduced in the European Union, Mexico, and the United States, this article highlights probems that may arise when the agricultural sector of a developing economy moves from price-based subsidization to less distorted income support. Such programs are a step in the right direction, but as currently implemented, they have many shortcomings. Moreover, developing countries may lack the necessary supporting arrangements needed to make such programs effective. The article argues that the programs should not restrict the use of land, that the programs should last for a stipulated period of time, and that the fiscal cost should be contained by linking income support payments to world prices. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 123-131 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | During the past decade New Zealand has introduced far-reaching reforms in the structure and operation of government departments and agencies. This model has attracted interest in developing countries because it promises significant gains in operational efficiency. But developing countries, which are dominated by informal markets, are risky candidates for applying the New Zealand model. The author suggests that basic reforms to strengthen rule-based government and pave the way for robust markets should be undertaken first. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 13-35 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Many forest conservation projects seek to preserve biodiversity by protecting habitats from exploitation or degradation. Although such efforts are often motivated by global concerns, habitat protection also yields domestic benefits. Some of these are intangible or difficult to quantify; others, such as watershed protection and the production of nonforest timber products, are immediate and tangible. There are two rationales for quantifiying the domestic benefits of habitat conservation. The first is motivational. Host countries capture only a small proportion of the global benefis which stem from biodiversity conservation. Demonstration of palpable local benefits could help to build support for biodiversity-oriented projects. Second, the magnitude of domestic benefits could influence project financing. Sufficiently large net domestic benefit could justify financing of a project on narrow economic grounds, with biodiversity conservation as a by-product. This review finds that the quantifiable benefits of forest preservation in providing hydrological services and nontimber forest products are highly variable. Locally important in some situations, these classes of domestic benefits may in general be smaller than popularly supposed. This underscores the need for financing conservation from the Global Environmental Facility or other global sources rather than placing the burden entirely on domestic resources. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 103-121 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Does New Zealand`s succes story have lessons for developing countries contemplating public sector reform? That questions ussually elicits one of two reaction, both inadvisable in the authors` view. The first reaction is to be impressed with the efficacy of the reforms and conclude that they should be adopted uncritically in other countries. The second reaction is that the special conditions existing in New Zealand are such that none of its reform experience is relevant to others. The authors take a middle position, maintaining that poorer countries can indeed extrapolate from the experience of their higher income neighbor despite the different conditions under which they have to operate. New zealand`s comprehensive overhaul of its public sector affords both general principles and specific elements relevant to countries looking to improve the quality, efficiency, and cost effectiveness of their public service sectors, and a careful analysis of those reforms can ascertain what might be transferable and what principles might apply. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 37-58 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | It is no surprise that the breakup of the Soviet Union and the overall demise of the planned economy has had a profound effect on the welfare of the Russian people. But the absence of reliable survey data has constrained our understanding of the impact that transition has had on the distribution of income. This article draws upon several rounds of a nationally representative household survey to document the sharp increases in the incidence and severity of poverty that have occurred during the transition. We investigate the routes by which macroeconomic and structural developments have been transmitted through the labor market and examine the performance of an increasingly overburdened, unfocused, and inadequate system of social protection. There is no evidence to suggest that the poor have shared in Russia`s emerging economic recovery, and the emergence of a core group of long-term poor appears to be a distinct possibility. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 59-77 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Tunisia`s unemployment rate has been among the highest in the world for almost two decades. This article claims that such a high rate reflects measurement problems rather than labor market innefficiency. After discussing the reasons why unemployment rates may not be comparable across countries and reviewing the tools that are available to analyze unemployment in a specific country, the article provides four pieces of evidence to substantiate its claim. Two of them relate to the criteria used in Tunisia to measure unemployment and the way these criteria have changed over time. Two use records on the number of active job seekers and vacancies as reported to the official employment agency. Together, this body of evidence suggests that unemployment has declined steadily over time and remains an issue for first-time job seekers only. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 79-101 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Are retraining programs for the unemployed more effective than job search assistance? Governments of the member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development have considerable experience with retraining programs in a variety of industrial settings. Evaluations of these programs show that the results are disappointing, however. This article discusses the factors associated with retraining programs for two types of workers: those laid off en masse and the long-term unemployed. Evaluations indicate poor results for both groups: retraining programs are generally no more effective than job search assistance in increasing either reemployment probabilities or postinintervention earnings, and they are between two and four times more expensive than job search assisstance. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 141-145 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
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