| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 133-140 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Hyde, Amacher, and Magrath (1996) imply that deforestation and timber rents (logging revenue minus logging costs other than timber fees) are not subjects that justify policymakers` attention, arguing that market responses limit the scope of deforestation and that rents are ussually small. But they fail to recognize that land markets will not develop efficiently, nor will efficient levels of forestry investments occur, when policy distortions and other factors obstruct the conversion of open-access forests to private or communal ownership. For these reasons rates of deforestation can be far above optimal levels. Contrary to the authors` claims, timber rents often (although not always) are large in developing countries. Moreover, the allocation of rents between loggers and the government owners of public forests can indeed affect the profitability of forestry (and thus deforestation), the intensity of timber harvesting, and national welfare. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Richard A. Posner, Jeffrey R. Vincent, Malcolm Gillis, William F. Hyde, Amit Dar, Indermit S. Gill, Martin Rama, Jeni Klugman, Jeanine Braithwaite, Malcolm Bale, Tony Dale, Kenneth M. Chomitz, Kanta Kumari, Allen Schick |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-11 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | A modernizing nation`s economic prosperity requires at least a modest legal infrastructure centered on the protection of property and contract rights. The essential legal reform required to create that infrastructure may be adoption of a system of relatively precise legal rules, as distinct from more open-ended standards or a heavy investment in upgrading the nation`s judiciary. A virtuous cycle can arise in which initially modest expenditures on law reform increase the rate of economic growth, in turn generating resources that will enable more ambitious legal reforms to be undertaken in the future. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 137-160 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Household surveys are a valuable tool for policymakers deciding among policy options. This article illustrates the kinds of issues typically addresses in these surveys and shows how detailed analyses of the data can feed into the decisionmaking process. It outlines the general virtues and limitations of household survey data and provides a brief sample of the kind of data analysis that is relevant to policymaking. It also discusses the benefit-cost ratios that are likely to apply to survey-based policy analysis. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 183-201 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Agricultural extension programs based on the Training and Visit (T&V) system are operating in some thirty-one Sub-Saharan African countries. Evidence from Kenya and Burkina Faso shows that T&V management enhances the effectiveness of extension and that such programs support agricultural growth and produce high returns on investments. The data indicate that areas served by extension have higher yields and that within these areas the highest yields are achieved by farmers who participate directly in extension activities. As a result, extension helps to close the gap between the yields attainable with existing technologies and those actually realized by farmers. Closing this gap improves agricultural productivity in the short run, but long-term increases in output in sub-Saharan Afria will depend on the development of improved technologies that are relevant to local conditions. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 249-259 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The institutional design of agricultural extension programs in developing countries has always been subject to heated debate. But whereas previous disagreements centered on the relative efficacy of different organizational approaches to public service delivery, the questions currently raised by agricultural policymakers and extension pratitioners go far deeper. They reflect a new conception of the role of the state in the rural economy (Pasour 1990; Timmer 1991; Meerman 1997), the continuing revolution in communications technologies (Zijp 1994), and the growing influence of the ``new institutional economics`` in development thinking (Hoff, Braverman, and Stiglitz 1993; Klitgaard 1995). |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 203-224 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This article examines the roles of the public and private sectors in agricultural extension. Extension services are classified according to their economic characteristics to identify areas where opportunities for private (for-profit and nonprofit) participation will arise. The author finds that commersialization of farm operations gives rise to demand for specialized client- and location-specific extension services that can be provided by private for-profit firms, although the main buyers will likely be market-oriented medium and large farmers. Because of market failures, some types of extension services will require public funding-although not necessarily public delivery. A critical government role in a pluralistic extension system would be to provide the appropriate regulatory framework to ensure fair competition and maintain quality standards. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 117-135 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The late nineteenth and late twentieth centuries shared more than globalization and economic coverage. The trend toward globalization in both centuries was accompanied by changes in the distribution of income as inequality rose in rich countries and fell in poor ones. Between one-third and one-half of the rise in inequality since the 1970s in the United States and other member countries of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and development (OECD) has been attributed to global economic forces, about the same as a century earlier. It appears that the inequality produced by global economic forces before World War I was responsible in part for the retreat from globalization after the war. What does this retreat imply for the future? Will the world economy once again retreat from globalization as the rich OECD countries come under political pressure to cushion the side effects of rising inequality? |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 161-179 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | In most countries the state owns the water resources and the hydraulic infrastucture, and public offocials decide who gets the water, how it is to be used, and how much will be charged for it. But costly inefficiencies in the supply and use of water support a shift from government provision to a market-based approach that is more effective and less wasteful. Markets can allow rapid changes in allocation in response to changing demands for water and can stimulate investmen and employment as investors are assured of access to secure supplies of water. Because of water`s unique characteristics, such markets do not work everywhere; nor do they resolve all water-related issues. By designing appropriate water laws and regulations and by strengthening private and public institutions to administer them, formal water markets can effectively address rising demands for groundwater and for water found in rivers, lakes, and canals. Lessons from Chile`s experience demonstrate that formal water markets can improve the economic efficiency of water use and stimulate investment. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Gabriel Keynan, Manuel Olin, Ariel Dinar, Mateen Thobani, Williamson, Jeffrey G., Dina Umali-Deininger, Robert Picciotto, Jock R. Anderson, Vishva Bindlish, Evenson, Robert E., Margaret Grosh |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 225-247 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | How effective is agricultural extension? It is worth the vast sums governments spend to provide it, mostly as a free service, to farmers worldwide? Relatively few studies exist that measure and compare the benefits of extension activities againts their costs. In the absence of such data, this pilot activity concentrated instead on demand. Would demand for extension services be high if they were no longer free? The existence of solid demand would presuppose some benefits from the service. Further, might charging for the service actually improve its quality and sustainability? The pilot program in Nicaragua described here set out to test whether a truly demand-driven extension system aimed at farmers with small- and medium-size holdings could be developed. The principal mechanism was a contribution by the farmer paid as a bonus to the extensionist: the aim was to introduce incentives for providers to improve the service through rewards linked to the quality of their work and to establish direct accountability of extensionist to client. The outcomes showed that the cofinancing concept can be successful. The article describes the design, implementation, and results in the expectation that the lessons learned may be of interest elsewhere. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-18 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The reallocation of resources, either across sectors or across producers within a sector, can serve as a potential source of productivity growth. New research findings exploit comprehensive microeconomic data on the manufacturing sectors of Chile, Colombia, and Marocco to document resource shifts as producers enter, expand, contract, and exit operation. The micro-level adjustment is substantial; between 25 and 30 percent of the total number of manufacturing jobs turn over each year. In the short run, the productivity effects of this turnover are modest because the new plants that come on line are only slightly more productive than the ones they replace-and both are typically small. In the longer term, however, the turnover generates more substantial increases in productivity because the new firms that survive record substantial productivity gains in their early years. Moreover, firms that exit are typically on a downward productivity spiral and would probably have dragged down down sectoral efficiency farther if they had continued in operation. |
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