| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 73-79 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 105-116 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 19-32 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The inadequacy of housing and its effect on the quality of life go a long way toward explaining many aspects of Russian life, but little data has been available to determine how housing affected the relative well-being of the citizenry. This paper presents comprehensive data examining for the first time the effect that seventy years of a socialist housing allocation scheme had on the distribution of income. It seems clear that housing provided by the government or by employers has a value that can be measured to yield useful inferences about the districution of income and wealth. This article shows that housing allocation had a progressive effect on the distribution of income in Russia. In addition, when the imputed value of housing is added to household income, the increase in income inequality that occured in recent years is significantly reduced. The analysis concludes with a discussion of how housing policy could be used to address poverty concerns, an important aspect of the transition process. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 83-103 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | An education voucher system exists when governments make payment to families that enable their children to enter public or private schools of their choice. The tax-funded payments can be made directly to parents or indirectly to the selected schools; their purpose is to increase parental choice, to promote school competition, and to allow low-income families access to private schools. Some opponents predict that vouchers will destroy the public system, aggravate poverty, and foster segregation. Others fear that voucher-receiving independent schools will be regulated out of recognition. The main purpose of this article is to examine the recent emergence of voucher systems as an interesting phenomenon in its own right. The evidence summarized relates to voucher systems operating in twenty countries, provinces, and states. The typical ``funds-follow-the-child`` voucher system, in which governments subsidize ``schools of choice`` in strict proportion to enrollment, appears to be the favorite form. This type of voucher has been adopted by developing countries-notably Bangladesh, Belize, Chile, Colombia, Guatemala, and Lesotho-as well as by industrial countries such as Poland, Sweden, the united Kingdom, and the United States. Much of the recorded experience with such programs is pertinent to the longstanding theoretical debates on the desirability of voucher systems. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 47-71 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This paper applies to the health sector a method of project analysis advocated recently by Devarajan, Squire, and Suthiwart-Narueput. A Health project evaluation should establish a firm justification for public involvement; establish the counterfactual-what would happen with and without the project; and determine the fiscal effect of the project and the appropriate levels of fees in conjunction with project evaluation. The evaluation should also acknowledge the fungibility of project resources and examine the incentives both for high-level public servants to shift goverernment resources away from project-funded activities to those that have not been evaluated and for lower-level contractors and civil servants to provide good or bad service. Market failures in health services and insurance markets should serve as a starting point for economic analysis, not as a reason to ignore economics in health projects. Project outputs should be predicted after taking into account the reaction of consumers and providers in the private sector as well as market structures of supply, demand, and equilibrium for health services. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Squire, Lyn, Shantayanan Devarajan, Sethaput Suthiwart-Narueput, Jeffrey S. Hammer, Edwin G. West, Robert M. Buckley, Eugene N. Gurenko, Martin Carnoy, Harberger, Arnold C., Mark J. Roberts, James R. Tybout |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 35-46 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Traditional approaches to project appraisal fail in practice to address two fundamental questions: whether a project belongs in the public or the private sector; and what effect an external assistance asociated with the project has on the country`s development. The first issue is of general interest to both national policymakers and international donors. If the government provides a good or service that would otherwise have been provided by the private sector, the net contribution of the public project could be low. The second issue is of particular concern to donors. If financial resources are fungible, the project being appraised might well have been undertaken without external financing. In this case, donor funds are actually financing some other, unappraised project. Both cases argue for a shift in the emphasis of project evaluation away from a concern with precise rate-of-return calculations and toward broader sectoral analyses and public expenditure reviews. In this context, three areas critical for proper project appraisal include a consideration of the rationale for public intervention, the fiscal impact of the project, and the fungibility of external assistance. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 151-177 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The rapid economic growth of eight East Asian economies, often called the ``East Asian miracle,`` raises two questions: What policies and other factors contributed to that growth? And can other developing countries replicate those policies to stimulate equally rapid growth? This article, based on case studies, econometric data, and economic theory, offers a list of the ingredients that contributed to that success. But it is the combination of these ingredients, many of which involve government interventions acting together, that accounts for East Asia`s success. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 179-197 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Experiments in privatizing enterprises in transition economies abound, from extensive efforts at sales to strategic owners (as in Estonia and Hungary), to programs based primarily on insider buyouts (as in Russia and Slovenia), to innovative mass privatization programs involving the creation of large and powerful new financial intermediaries (as in the Czech and Slovak republics and Poland). Each approach has inherent strengths and risks. But if the objectives are to sever the links between the state and the enterprises, to school the population in market basics, and to foster further ownership change, the initial weight of evidence seems to favor significant reliance on voucher privatization, especially given the difficulty most countries have finding willing cash investors. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 199-221 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | No one doubts that good data are essential to sound policymaking. Alas, data are invariably faulty. Methodological solutions to data inadequacies have often been proposed and implemented, but they have been tested only rarely. Yet the methods that are used may well determine the direction of policy. For example, the particular survey method used-an the way nonsurvey data are interpreted-may be critical in assessing whether a country`s strategy for reducing poverty is working. This article shows how counterfactual experiments can help test the reliability of various methods of dealing with common data problems. Well-designed methods-and they need not be very complicate-can help get around the problem, although it appears that substituting method for data is along way from being perfect. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The World Bank Research Observer |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 249-276 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Many factors contributed to the rapid growth of the economies of East Asia in the past quarter century. This article examines one important aspect of that growth-commonly referred to as the ``East Asian miracle``-public policies affecting the financial markets. East Asian governments intervened extensively in financial markets at all stages of their development. What sets their actions apart from those of other developing countries that have not fared as well? We do not have the information to answer conclusively what effect particular actions had (that requires a counterfactual test of what growth would have been without the particular intervention). But we can identify the market failures the East Asian governments addressed, assess some of the theoretical reasons why each policy might be growth enhancing, and provide some data attesting to the impacts of the policy. Several characteristics of financial sector interventions in East Asia stand out: they incorporated design features that improved the chances of success and reduced opportunities for abuse; interventions that did not work out were dropped unhesitatingly; and policies were adapted to reflect changing economic conditions. |
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