| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 109-127 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The purpose of this study is to examine social and environmental reporting and auiting practices by companies in Indonesia. Consistent with our prediction, we found that social and environmental reporting and auditing are undertaken by management for strategic reasons, rather than on the basis of any perceived responsibilities. The results indicate that reporting and auditing social and environmental activities increases following threats to the company`s legitimacy and ongoing survival. The results also support our prediction that social and environmental reports vary across companies. This study calls for mandatory reporting and auditing of social and environmental activities through regulations and reinforcements. This mandatory requirements is particularly needed for companies with activities that are considered socially and environmentally sensitive. Furthermore, this study reveals that the social and environmental reporting and auditing are performed by organizations other than accounting profession. We propose that accountants should partake in these activities given the expertise that they could usefully bring to these areas. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 69-94 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study examines the variation in earnings-price ratios across Japanese and U.S.firms. The earnings-price ratio is one of the indicators often used by investors to determine their trading strategy. Previous literature document that Japanese firms have consistently lower earnings-price ratios than U.S. firms even though the earnings of Japanese firms have been adjusted to the U.S. GAAP. The objective of this study is to show that Japanese firms engage in income smoothing practices that stabilize earnings, thereby increasing Japanese investors willingness to pay higher prices for Japanese stocks. Comparing the income smoothing index and proportion of firms identified as smoothers shows that the intensity of Japanese firms practicing income-smoothing is greater than that of U.S.firms. The results also show that income-smoothing index is significant in explaining the cross-sectional variation of earnings-price ratios for Japanese firms but it is not significant for U.S. firms. Two potential explanations for the results of U.S. firms are as follows. First, income smoothing is not practiced widely across firms in the U.S. Therefore, the variation of income smoothing does not explain the variatioin in the cross-sectional earnings-price ratios. Second, even if U.S. firms practice income smoothing the investors are aware of it and do not take earnings figures literally. Another results show that controlling for income smoothing oes not eliminate the differences in the earnings-price ratios of the Japanese and U.S. firms. It is appropriate to conclude that although income smoothing plays a role in explaining the variations of earnings-price ratios across Japanese firms, it is not the only factor that contributes to the differences in the earnings-price ratios of Japanese and U.S. firms. Other factors may play a role which are either country-specific (such as inflationary expectations, tax regimes) or firm-specific (such as quality of earnings, real returns) as suggested by Brown (1989). The overall results are consistent across samples. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 41-68 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This research examines financial ratios that distinguish between bankrupt and non-bankrupt companies and make use of those distinguishing ratios to build a one-year prior to bankruptcy prediction model. This research also calculates how many times the type I error is more costly compared to the type II error. The costs of type I and type II errors (cost of misclassification errors) in conjunction to the calculation of prior probabilities of bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy are used in the calculation of the ZETAc optimal cut-off score. The bankruptcy prediction result using ZETAc optimal cut-off score is compared to the bankruptcy prediction result using a cut-off score which does not consider neither cost of classification errors nor prior probabilities as stated by Hair et al. (1998), and for later purposes will be referred to Hair et al. optimum cutting score. Comparison between the prediction results of both cut-off scores is purported to determine the better cut-off score between the two, so that the prediction result is more conservative and minimizes expected costs, which may occur from classification errors. This is the first research in Indonesia that incorporates type I and II errors and prior probabilities of bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy in the computation of the cut-off score used in performing bankruptcy prediction. Earlier researches gave the same weight between type I and II errors and prior probabilities of bankruptcy and non-bankruptcy, while this research gives a greater weigh on type I error than that on type II error and prior probability of non-bankruptcy than that on prior probability of bankruptcy. This research has successfully attained the following results: (1) type I error is in fact 59,83 times more costly compare to type II error, (2) 22 ratios distinguish between bankrupt and non-bankrupt groups, (3) 2 financial ratios proved to be effective in predicting bankruptcy, (4) prediction using ZETAc optimal cut-off score predicts more companies filing for bankruptcy within one year compared to prediction using Hair et al. optimum cutting score, (5) Although preiction using Hair et al. optimum cutting score is more accurate, prediction using ZETAc optimal cut-off score proved to be able to minimize cost incurred from classification errors. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Abd. Ghafar Ismail, Nur Azura Ismail, Mohamad Iwan, Kusuma, Indra Wijaya, Johnny Jermias, Anies S. Basamalah, Aizzat Mohd. Nasurdin, R. Agus Sartono |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 95-107 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Since the pioneering work of Guerley and Shaw (1955), the attempt has been done to justify money as a primary focal point of macroeconomic theorizing. However, other researchers argue that variables such as financial development and indicators are also important to be linked with macroeconomic performance. Here, if money can be thought as means of production and consumer goods as the ultimate end toward which production is directed, and then capital also occupies a position that is both logically and temporarily intermediate between original means and ultimate ends. This temporarily intermediate status of capital is not in serious dispute, but its significance for macroeconomic theorizing is rarely recognized. The firms` decision to acquire funds through debt and equity financings affects the capital structure, and, in the firm`s balance sheet, the impact of capital appears to influence the inventory investment. Hence, the significance of capital structure-induced inventory distortions in the context of firm-level is the basis for our article. The sample for our analysis is compiled from the balance sheets of listed syaria firms in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange for the period 1995-2000. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 405 - 439 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The purpose of the study is to determine the relationships between belief, attitude, subjective norm, intention, and behavior towards the choice of infant food based on the theory of reasoned activior (TRA). An analysis on a sample of 108 mothers indicates that the TRA could be used in predicting choice decision of infant food formulas by explaining 57 percent of the variance in the behavioral intention. The subjective norm component had ahigher predictive power than the attitudinal component. Of this normative component, parents or relatives and doctors were found to be more influential. Intention to choose an infant formula was also influenced by family income. The beilief outcomes in valuating a premium infant formula and economic infant formula were found to be different. For premium infant formula, brand trusted, closest to breast milk and nutrients content were identified as the dominant attributes. In contrast, availability, affordable, and nutrients content were identified as the prime beliefs in evaluating economic infant formula. Implications of the findings are discussed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 383 - 404 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The clothing or garments industry has developed rapidly during the past some decades and has contributed to the economic growth of many nations, both developed and developing countries. This industry has been very much regulated by many bilateral agreements such as Multi Fiber Arrangement (MFA), a quota arrangements made by the importing countries. As MFA (quota regine) comes to an end by 2005 and integrates into the WTO regime, it will bring opportunities to highly competitive and proactive garment exporting countries whereas tha challenges will be faced more by the less competitive countries. Issues related to environment and social compliance, technology requirements etc. have been brought into surface by the importing countries, which may worsen the condition, Under the above scenario, it is imperative that certain proactive measures be taken. Thus, the broad objective of this study is to analyze the response of the garment exporters from Indonesia towards the emerging issues related to environmental and social compliance, technology requirements etc. the present study is a questionnaire-based study. The samples have been selected from the directories of largest exporters in the country. With reminders and persuasion, the final number of useable responses has been 115 Indonesian garment exporters. Seven factors of the emerging issues were identified by using factor analysis. In addition, factors of competitiveness, and the strategies adopted by the exporters have also been analyzed. The findings show that the overall perceptions of the Indonesi garment exporters indicate that Indonesia is less competitive as compared to other competing countries. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 335 - 354 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study examies a new attachment concept called job embeddeness as antecedent of organizational citizenship behavior ( OCB ). Firstly, we tested hypothesis concerning positive relationship between job embeddedness and OCB as predicted by mitchell et al. (2001).Secondly,bility in the relationship between job embeddedness and OCB. Nurses (N=170) and their immediate suprvisors (N=41) fro five privately owned hospital in Jogjakarta participated in this study. Of 340 questionnaires distributed to the respondents, 339 werw returned yielding a response rate of 99 percent. Of those returned, 300 questionnaires were available for further analyses. Nurses were asked to respond to a quationnaire of 40 items concerning perception of embeddedness and 4 item concerning sense of responsibility to their employing organixation. Nurses` citizenship behavior were measured using 12 items as rated by their immediate supervisors. The results support the hypothesis that job embeddedness correlates positively with OCB. However, our result failed to support the prediction of the mediating effect of employees` sense of responsibility in causal relationship between job embeddedness and OCB. the implications of the findings for further research on relationship between job embeddedness and OCB research are discussed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 323 - 354 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This empirical investigation was aimed to determine the pattern of the relationships between the perceived presence of quality of worklife (QWL) factors and organizational commitment using samples from professional engineers in Malaysia. Engineers in private sector were selected to participate in this study. A total of 250 sets of questionnaires were sent to the selected organizations, and 152 useable questionnaire representing a response rate of 60,8% were used for statistical analysis. A QWL measure consisting of seven factors; growth and development, participation, physical environment, supervision, pay and benefit, social relevance, and workplace integration was developed based on walton`s (1974) conception. The three-component model and measure of organizational commitment development developed by Allen and Meyer (1990) was adopted in this study. Results of regression analysis indicated that only two QWL factors, growth and development and pay and benefit, were significant in explaining organizational commitment. Implication and suggestions for further research are also discussed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 309 - 322 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study examines whether intragroup cooperation outperforms intragroup competition. Intragroup cooperation is a work setting when individuals in a group perceive that their goal attainments are positively related, while intragroup competition is a work setting when individuals in a group perceive that their goal attainments are negatively related. Performance is defined as group productivity level, speed of solving problems, and quality of the group outcomes. Meta-analytical method is used to test the hypothesis. The method combines and compares eight studies from various research disciplines i.e., education, psychology, organization, and business and accounting. The studies being analyzed also vary in terms of the research and experimental setting such as manufacturing operations and problem solving games. meta - analitical study is relatively rare in Indonesia, so that this sudy is important to introduce and to show the importantce and the benefit of the analisis for concluding a large number and different research in a similar domain of research quesention. In a simple term, a meta - analisis ia a quantitative literature review. However, the analysis has a more powerful procedur than the conventional literatur review to indicate more clearly, and in quanhtitative terms, the consistency, the differences and similarities of previous studies. The author found that intragroup cooperation outperforms intragroup comoetition is held across different experimental subject educational back grounds such as education, psychology, background than that of the subjects with business and accounting background. The reason is that business and accounting subjects are more exposed to competitive enviroments than those whose backgrounds are pschologgy and sociology. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Gloria V. Talavera, Ainun Na`im, Razali Mat Zin, Riwi Wijayanto, muchsin shihab, Sudhir K. Jain |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 355 - 381 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study was conducted to determine the critical components of a total quality management program (referred to as TQM constructs) and the specific strategies, policies and program that should comprise each TQM constructs in selected companies in the Philippines. Development of the TQM constructs involved the theoretical derivation of the TQM constructs from literature. Validation of the TQM constructs involved a two-stage survey determining the critical components perceived important by managements are adopted. assessment of the instrumen`s reliability was done through panel review and exploratory factor analyses, respectively. Results of the first survey indicate a slight deviation in what is perceived as critical components of a quality management system vis-a-vis the original 72 TQM elements. In general, the elements pertaining to a TQM construct as theoretically derived no longer formed part of such construct but merged with other elements in another TQM construct where it shared similarity in functions. This implies that under Philippine context, especially when using perception of importance as the basis for scale development, the integration of activities, strategies and functions associated with TQM program adoption is perceived by respondent managers as more critical. The study presented the multi-functional and multi-dimensional aspects of the TQM constructs. The resulting 35 critical TQM items were further validated in survey 2. the TQM factors pertaining to the adoption of quantitative techniques in quality management as well as the incentive and reward system were rated lowest in terms of adoption. |
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