| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 39-52 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Warr, Peter G., Hla Myint, Thee, Kian Wie, Garnaut, Ross, Anthony Clunies Ross, Craig Emerson, Mears, Leon A., Hill, Hal, Clive S. Gray |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 53-89 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 98-116 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The purpose of this paper is to consider the probable effect of the log export prohibition and the development of domestic forest product industries on timber supply from the natural rainforest and to compare, for a single location in East Kalimantan, the economics of managing natural forests with the alternative of forming exotic plantations to meet the projected industrial demand. The paper concludes by discussing some of the wider implications of the choice between plantations and natural forest. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 30-43 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 44-57 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-29 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 58-82 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The purpose of this paper has been to demonstrate the uses which can be made of available information about Indonesian agriculture. The reconciliation of various sources containing macro-level data, reckoning with the results of micro-studies, can lead to new insights and provides the policy-maker with a consistent and comprehensive data framework. Moreover, possible flaws and discrepancies in the data collection process can be traced. Each survey is a very costly exercise and its result deserve to be analysed thoroughly. Inevitably, the reference year will not be the same for all sources, but the underlying structure of inequality or productivity differences will not change drastically in one or two years. As soon as the result of new large-scale enumerations (for example, the 1983 Agricultural Census, the 1980 Population Census, the 1980 Input-Output tables) become available, they can be combined with annual statistics in order to produce a further overview of the growth and distribution of the agricultural output. Progressive computerisation will also speed up these linking exercise. A prerequisite for the integration of estimates from several sources is uniformity of concepts and classifications. A few further refinements may be worth while in this respect. Besides, the considerable discrepancies, both in the 1973 agricultural Census and in the 1976 Labour Force Survey, between land rented out and land rented in by households indicate that more attention could be given to the conditions under which land is owned and transferred. Simultaneously, a few questions about person-hours of family labour input and about the amount and mode of rent payments and receipts might be included in the regular large-scale agricultural surveys. Finally, more insight can be gained into distributional issues, if the revenues from palawija are also tabulated by size of the holding. some of the most striking features revealed by the1975 data were: (1) Land rented, sharecropped or otherwise leased out accounted for only 10 percent of total agricultural land (13 percent in Java/Bali). Of all land not operated by owners, about 70 percent is leased or sharecropped. The rest is accounted for by land pawned, given to village officials (tanah bengkok) or obtained in other ways. (2) The smaller the sawah holding size, the more intensive its cultivation, the higher its yields and the better the profits per cultivated hectare (of rice). This tendency occurs in all regions. It consides with more family labour input on small farms. Total costs per hectare, and several important elements of total costs such as paid-out labour costs per hectare also decline with increasing farm size. (3) Cropping patterns of food crops are rather similar for all farm sizes, but cropping intensities tend to decrease rapidly with the expansion of holding sizes. This tendency is smoothed somewhat, but not completely, if non-food crops are included. (4) Yields and returns per hectare differ considerably by crop, even after correcting for differences in crop maturation periods. (5) According to our estimates, the richest households earn about fourteen times as much as the poorest from the cultivation of food crops. After allowing for the transfer of rents and crop shares, they earn twenty-four times as much. (6) Regionally, very marked differences exist in farm size, cropping intensities, labour input, land productivity and provitability of food crops. The small size of the typical farm in Java/Bali coincides with high yields and intensive land cultivation. However, paid-out costs per hectare are much higher in Java/Bali as well. (7) Total earnings as computed from the respondents` answers amount to less than half the estimate from the Input-Output Tables. More importanly, any conclusions drawn from the distribution of stated incomes will seriously underrate the degree of inequality in Indonesian agriculture. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Arndt, H.W., R.M. Murniatisulasti. D, Steven J. Keuning, Phyllis Rosendale, Jeremy Evans, Unnevehr, Laurian J. , Lachlan Hunter |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 83-97 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 102-115 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | - |
| Nama Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Bies: Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 1-51 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | By mid-October, half-way through the 1982/3 fiscal year, the order of magnitude of the impact on exports and government revenues of the cutback in oil production that started in the final quarter of 1981/2 was becoming clear. Production appeared to have stagnated at around 22 per cent below the budget quarterly average, and shortfalls of over $4 billion in oil exports (gross) and Rp 2 trillion in oil sector revenues were in the offing. Taking into account a probable further decline in non-oil exports and other factors, a current account balance of payments deficit of $7 billion, $2.6 billion higher than budgeted, and an overall budget shortfall exceeding Rp 3 trillion appeared likely. The medium-term evolution of the oil market was anyone`s guess, but the indefinite prolongation of OPEC production cutbacks agreed in March raised doubts not only about Indonesia`s ability to increase export volume at the current price of $35 plus per barrel but even about the near-term stability of that price. More cautious financial management than that practised by some fellow oil-exporters has left Indonesia with a foreign exchange reserve cushion (Bank Indonesia plus the commercial bank) of $10.6 billion in March, equivalent to nearly 9 months of non-oil imports. However, given spending aspirations touched off by the 1979/80 oil boom, the cushion could deflate rapidly. A decline of $4 billion is projected for 1982/3, and a similar decline the following yaer would bring reserves below a safe minimum. Accordingly, official moves to adjust to a less favourable resource balance are underway. The president`s Independence Day address (16 August) sought to quell growing speculation against the rupiah by ruling out a discrete devaluation in favour of continued use of the crawling peg. In fact this had been negligible for three years following the 1978 devaluation; dollar appreciation vis-a-vis a trade-weighted basket of currencies and differential national inflation rates had more than reversed the November 1978 shift in the rupiah`s purchasing power parity rate with reference to that basket. Whether the peg can crawl fast enough to satisfy the market`s expectations without accelerating capital flight and raising interest rates remains to be seen. Possible expenditure economies include cutbacks in fuel, food and fertiliser subsidies, and in plans for promotion of heavy industry. There is scope for raising domestic fuel prices above and beyond the 60 per cent relative to the current export price. For political reasons no further rise is likely in 1982/3. Moreover, given continuing excess supply in the world market the current export price overstates the opportunity cost of domestic consumption. But an implicit tax could be justified as a de facto road user charge. The fertiliser subsidy, which since 1976 has led to a doubling of the gabah: fertiliser price ratio and thus, apparently, also of the annual rate of increase in per hectare application, deserves much of the credit for the recent achievement of near self-sufficiency in rice. But it is becoming a significant fiscal burden. As farmer appreciation of the benefit of fertiliser has taken hold, some fiscal relief should be possible without an offsetting production loss. Recent government policy statements emphasise a structuralist approach to industrial development. More public investment resources are to be channelled into `key` or `basic` or `upstream` industries with little, if any, reference to efficiency or comparison of costs with border prices. The phenomenon of negative value added is already more widespread in Indonesia than generally appreciated. Similarly,establishment of nearly all new industrial projects as state enterprises is virtually taken for granted, without any economic analysis of financial data for state enterprises that would permit policy judgments about the sector`s macro performance. Pressure from elements among the bureaucracy, the military and others with a pecuniary interest in the formation and operation of state enterprises make it doubtful whether the sector will be required to accept its due share of cutbacks in the less opulent resource constellation of the foreseeable future |
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