| Nama Pengarang | : | PHYLLIS C. BLUMENFELD, PAUL R. PINTRICH, V. LEE HAMILTON |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 95-104 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Children`s self-perceptions of ability may reflect assessments of their effort and good conduct as well as academic performance. Detreminants of ability judgments were assessed in 158 second and sixth graders by examining intercorrelations among self-ratings of ability, effort, and conduct and by exploring criteria used for these judgments. In general, ability was linked to effort and effort to conduct, but not ability to conduct, in either ratings or judgment criteria. Children generally used absolute standards in judging ability and did so almost exclusively in judging effort and conduct. The meaning and interrelationship of children`s ability, effort, and conduct self-perceptions did not differ substantially by grade or sex. The results suggest that children`s judgments of ability, effort, and conduct are interelated but distinguishable. The pattern of results points to the importance of further attention to the impact of classroom context on children`s judgments of ability, effort, and conduct. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | CORINNA A. ETHINGTON, LEE M. WOLFLE |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 65-75 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | An extensive body of research indicates that men on the average achieve higher scores in mathematics than women. This paper addresses the issue of how this difference develops by estimating a latent-construct causal model of the process of mathematics achievement. When the model was compared between men and women, we found that the process of mathematics achievement differs. In particular, we found that mathematics ability and attitudes toward mathematics had stronger effects on mathematics achievement for men than for women. The interactions between sex and the variables in the model indicate that the process for men and women is not simply additive, and may be more complicated that previous researchers have assumed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | JOSEPH J. BLASE |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 13-40 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | The amount of qualitative research in which teachers subjectively describe the meaning of work stress is limited. This article presents data drawn from a qualitative study of teachers` perceptions of work stress. Linkages between teacher stress and teacher performance are firmly establishhed. The study data are discussed in terms of the Performance Adaption Syndrome (PAS), a term developed from the data to describe the deleterious effects of prolonged work stress on the instructional ability of teachers. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | Patricia A. Cranton, Ronald A. Smith |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 117-128 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Faculty members who are interpreting student questionnaire results often assume that smaller class sizes and higher levels of instruction receive higher ratings, even though researchers report conflicting results. This study examined the effect of course characteristics on student ratings in a variety of instructional situations. Data were collected in 1,777 classes in five departments at all levels of instruction over 3 years. When results were analyzed overall, the generally accepted trends were confirmed; however, in specific departments, or at particular levels of instruction, the relationship varied dramatically. It was concluded that the effect of course characteristics on student ratings of instruction varied depending on the situation in which the ratings were collected, and that the relationship are complex. Comparisons among professors and the use of norms in the interpretation of the evaluation results must be done with caution and must consider the instructional setting. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | RUTH GARNER |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 549-560 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Two explanations for text summarization deficiencies among older learners were investigated. Forty students at each of three grade levels were asked to prepare optimal and nonoptimal short summarize for a written descriptive passage. Awareness of the impotance of three aspects of successful summarization-inclusion of important ideas, succinctness, and integration-was measured by learner differentiation of the two summary products. Production ability for the three features was measured by acceptability of the optimal product. Results of the styudy confirmed deficiencies documented in the literature but with some specificity for source of the deficit (i. E., awareness or production ability problems) and for age level. Specific instructional remedies are proposed. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | MICHAEL A. ROLISON, FREDERIC J. MEDWAY |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 561-573 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study investigated the effects of preperformance information on actual classroom teachers` expectations and attributions for a hypothetical male student. Teachers were found to have higher expectations for the student with ascending than with descending performance pattern and when the studentwas labeled mildly retarded. Prior special education involvement did not influence expectancies. Ascending as compared to descending performance was ascribed more to teacher than student causes in line with egotism considerations. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | EMIL J. HALLER |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 465-483 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | This study investigates the claim that pupil race afects then reading grouping decisions of elementary school teachers, causing black children to be overrpresented in lower ability groups. Analyses were carried out of teachers` remarks made while engaged inthe process of grouping children, and of the racial composition of the groups they actualy formed. Taken together, these analyses failed to uncover evidence of conscious or unconscious racial bias, though black pupils were much more likely to be placed in the lowest groups. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | LEE M. WOLFLE |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 501-525 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Previous research has indicated that social background variables are more important determinants of educational attainment among whites than among blacks. the present study, based on more recent data and methods that control for estimated measurement error structures, finds that social background plays a similiar role for white and blacks. Increments in background social status variables lead to similiar incresesn in educational attainment for whites and blacks. Moreover, the effects of personal characteristic variables ( ability, curriculum, grades) of whites and blacks as they influence educational attainment are also similiar for both groups. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | JOHN BOLI, MARY LOU ALLEN, ADRIENNE PAYNE |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 605-626 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Using samples of college students of very high ability and strong academic background, sex differences in performance and perceptions of performance in introductory chemistry and mathematics coursees were studied. Considerable differences favoring men were found, and these appeared to be due primarily to deferences in mathematics background. In addition, female high school role models and general attitudes about women`s mathematical ability were found to have little effect on performance. While women were not less likely than men to continue the sequences of courses studied, they were nevertheless much less likely to major in the natural sciences and engineering, preferring the life sciences instead when they chose technical majors. The evidence suggests thst women`s weaker mathematics background and the poore course performance it produced were responsible for this outcome. |
| Nama Pengarang | : | THOMAS E. SCRUGGS MARGO, A. MASTROPIERI, JOEL R. LEVIN, JANET S. GAFFNEY |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Educational Research Journal |
| Volume / Nomor Edisi | : | - |
| Nomor Halaman | : | 575-586 |
| Abstraksi Narasi | : | Fifty-six learning disabled students were presented materials describing minerals of North America. for each mineral, the students had to learn three associated attributes: the mineral`s harness level, its color, and its common use. The students were randoly assigned to four different methods of study. The two principal conditions were direct instruction, where students were taught eight minerals according to the basic principles of direct instruction (in particular, student participation with repeated drill and practice), and mnemonic instruction, where students were shown thematic illustrations that integrated each of the eight minerals and its attributes. Also included were a reduced-list direct-instruction condition, where students were required to learn only half the numbger of minerals (i.e., four minerals) in the same amount of allotted time as in the other conditions, and a free-study condition, where students were instructed to learn the eight minerals however they wished. The results supported previous findings that learning was superior in the mnemonic instruction condition. In addition (a) number mnemonically instructed students learned as much about eight minerals in the same amouont of time that direct-instruction students learned about four minerals; and (b) direct instruction per se did not facilitate students` learning relative to free study. Implications of the results for handicapped learners are discussed. |
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