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Generalization across people is not fundamental to basic research: Reply to Kroupin et al. (2025).
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| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 80 (No. 7) |
| Halaman | : | 1086-1087 |
| Abstrak | : | This is a reply to the commentary Kroupin et al. (2025) offered in response to my article on generalizability in basic research (Sherman, 2025). In their response, Kroupin et al. assert that cultural moderation enjoys special status among the many potential moderators of human psychology and behavior. They propose that cultural universality should be a default and explicit assumption of psychological theory until proven otherwise and that testing that generalizability is fundamental to psychological research. In reply, I again assert that, for many types of basic research, that is simply not the case, with other potential moderators playing a more substantial role. I also challenge the assertion that the primary function of basic research is to provide existence proofs of behavioral outcomes, arguing that theory testing, whether via existence proofs or other types of research, is the primary goal of basic research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) |
Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Dengue Infection in Children: Insights and Comparisons with Adult Cases
| Pengarang | : | Sonia Sudana Kusuma |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | CDK Cermin dunia kedokteran |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 52 (No. 8) |
| Halaman | : | 517-520 |
| Abstrak | : | Dengue fever (DF), dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) have become significant global health concerns, particularly affecting children more severely than adults. In children, dengue infection is distinct from that in adults due to its higher mortality rate and increased risk of developing dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Clinical manifestations vary by age; children more commonly present with vomiting, rash, and abdominal pain, while adults often experience muscle and joint pain. Symptoms of DHF, a severe type of dengue infection, include abnormal hemostasis, plasma leakage, and protein-losing shock syndrome (dengue shock syndrome/DSS). Dengue infection in children can cause various complications from each organ system. During the critical phase, children are prone to plasma leakage, shock, and bleeding, potentially leading to severe complications such as liver dysfunction, electrolyte imbalance, and organ failure. Proper management and prevention of dengue are required to prevent dengue complications. |
Inconvenience and Generalization in Building a Better Psychology: Commentary on Sherman (2025)
| Pengarang | : | Kroupin |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 80 (No. 7) |
| Halaman | : | 1081–1085 |
| Abstrak | : | In this commentary, we supplement Sherman’s (2025) defense of convenience sampling, reviewing the complementary role of broad generalization and diverse samples. Specifically, Sherman’s commentary could be misinterpreted as downplaying or disavowing the importance of broad generalization, despite the latter being necessary if we are to capture more than a narrow sliver of human cognitive variation. Moreover, we argue that stating the generalizability of our findings explicitly is key to both accurate interpretation and effective translation into applied work—a principle which holds even when our studies are not aiming to produce generalizable conclusions. We close with a review of practical ways in which broad generalization may be achieved. These include developmental, comparative, or computational approaches, as well as theoretical frameworks and “inconvenient” samples that capture cross-cultural variation. |
There is nothing WEIRD about basic research: The critical role of convenience samples in psychological science.
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 80 (No. 7) |
| Halaman | : | 1073-1080 |
| Abstrak | : | Attention to issues of sample diversity and generalizability has increased dramatically in the past 15 years, as psychological scientists have confronted the limitations of relatively homogeneous samples. Though this reckoning was perhaps overdue and has undoubtedly shined a light on some poor research practices, recommendations surrounding sample diversity are sometimes applied to research that does not aim for generalizability across peoples. In this article, I seek to promote discussion about when and why sample diversity and generalizability matter. In doing so, I address problems with language surrounding generalizability, the broader question of generalizability beyond samples, challenges for determining sufficient generalizability, and the inherent question of moderation in psychological science, given the reality of limited time and resources. I then discuss the important roles that basic research plays in understanding group differences, producing generalizable knowledge, and developing applied interventions. Finally, I address issues of equity surrounding sample diversity, emphasizing the distinction between WEIRD samples and convenience samples and the importance of convenience samples for globalizing psychological science. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) |
The Relationship Between Academic Stress Levels and the Incidence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Among Undergraduate Medical Students at the Faculty of Medicine, Ahmad Dahlan University
| Pengarang | : | Rr Syifa Aurora Nirwani, Zainul Arifin, Tira Alfiani Laariya |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | CDK Cermin dunia kedokteran |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 52 (No. 8) |
| Halaman | : | 512-517 |
| Abstrak | : | Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive system disorder characterized by recurrent reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus, leading to symptoms or complications. Academic stress is one of the risk factors for GERD. This research aims to determine the relationship between academic stress levels and the incidence of GERD among undergraduate students in the Medical Study Program, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmad Dahlan University. Methods: This study uses a quantitative observational analytical research method with a cross-sectional approach, employing total sampling based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. GERD is measured using the GERD-Q, and stress levels are assessed with the MSSQ questionnaire. Results: GERD was suffered by 26 respondents (14.8%), the majority were female. The majority of respondents, 85 in total (48.3%) experienced moderate stress; academic stress was the most common cause. The results of the chi-square analysis test between the level of academic stress and the incidence of GERD obtained a p-value of 0.052 (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant relationship between academic stress levels and the incidence of GERD among undergraduates in the Medical Study Program at Ahmad Dahlan University Faculty of Medicine. |
Science of psychological phenomena and their testing.
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 80 (No. 7) |
| Halaman | : | 1057-1072 |
| Abstrak | : | There is no crisis of replication and generalizability in psychological science, only misunderstanding or forgetting the fundamental nature of psychological phenomena and resultant implications for empirical testing. Stability–variability is the central feature of every psychological phenomenon, meaning that brain–mind interactions can only create stable patterns from which there will always be deviations. Psychological phenomena are not comparable to COVID-19 vaccines that were very effective (95%) initially for almost everyone for a long time. Replications cannot be the gatekeepers of scientific psychological knowledge, only constructive additions and explorations contributing to theory development and measurement improvement. Once a logically justified and theoretically well-developed hypothesis is presented, the phenomenon exists as long as one of the following conditions is true: (1) it has not been shown logically that the phenomenon cannot exist or (2) it has not been shown empirically that the phenomenon does not exist. Like in physics and other sciences, generalization to theory is critical in psychological science, but less important relative to hypothetical (phantom) populations. Initial COVID-19 vaccines were effective because they worked for the right theoretical reason, the mRNA mechanism. This central principle holds true for psychological phenomena as well, with findings generalizing to the theoretical explanation regarding the presence and manifestations of behaviors brought about by the brain–mind interactions, or stated differently, generalization of psychological phenomena to specific behaviors and under specific conditions as proposed by the theory. Instead of the narrow focus on generalization to hypothetical populations, psychological phenomena and associated generalization could more productively be examined from the nine proposed perspectives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) |
Establishing correct concept meanings in psychology: Why should we care and how can we do it?
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 80 (No. 7) |
| Halaman | : | 1045-1056 |
| Abstrak | : | The purpose of this article was to address and to propose answers to three basic questions in psychological science. (a) Why should we care about carefully and rigorously establishing correct meanings for the concepts we employ in our research and clinical work, especially in those cases where foundational concepts such as “behavior,” “mental disorder,” and “personality” are concerned? (b) How can we move beyond meanings grounded in little more than relatively meager armchair intuition to ones grounded in ways that strongly justify their acceptance as correct and thus might result in consistency and uniformity in the field regarding their meanings? (c) Aside from the standard practices of providing definitions and prototypes, what are some other forms that concept formulation takes in other sciences and could take in psychological science, that is, other means of capturing and demarcating the domains of reference of our concepts? (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) |
What Is a Mantra? Guidance for Practitioners, Researchers, and Editors
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 80 (No. 7) |
| Halaman | : | 1032–1044 |
| Abstrak | : | Mantras, sometimes called holy names or prayer words, are increasingly included and studied as components in health and human services interventions. In this emerging field, the term “mantra” has been implicitly defined over several decades in a way that has been useful, largely shared across research teams, and historically resonant. However, confusion has arisen in how “mantra” is defined and used in a small fraction of recent publications that depart from longstanding usage. To provide needed guidance going forward for researchers, editors, reviewers, and practitioners, the present article discusses historical, cross-cultural, conceptual, and empirical background and proposes a definition of “mantra” for use in empirical research on mantra interventions: A mantra is a phrase or sound that has been repeated and sanctified over time within a spiritual tradition. Using this definition, we categorize several dozen empirical studies of mantra repetition interventions. Emphasizing well-established psychosocial processes such as priming and spreading activation, we explain theoretical and empirical bases for expecting repetition of mantras to enlist spiritual resources and provide added value for health and well-being, over and above the repetition of neutral non-mantra sounds or phrases. Although the term mantra should be used carefully in professional discourse, we allow that looser definitions can be acceptable in communications with intervention recipients, clients, and patients, parallel to recent recommendations for how to employ the term “spirituality.” Directions for future research are suggested. |
Assessing the safety and efficacy of prescribing psychologists in New Mexico and Louisiana.
| Pengarang | : | Hughes |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 80 (No. 7) |
| Halaman | : | 1019-1031 |
| Abstrak | : | AbstractThis study aimed to compare patient outcomes between prescribing psychologists, psychiatrists, and primary care physicians (PCPs). Private insurance claims (2005–2021; n = 307,478) were used to conduct an active comparator, new user longitudinal cohort study developed using target trial emulation. Inverse propensity for treatment weighting was used to adjust for baseline differences in a range of sociodemographic, clinical, and contextual patient factors. Differences in the 1-year rate of health care visits for adverse drug events (ADEs), psychiatric emergency department (ED) utilization, medication adherence, and psychotropic polypharmacy were identified between prescribing psychologists and the other provider types using doubly robust Cox proportional hazards models. Compared to patients of psychiatrists, patients of prescribing psychologists had a 24% lower rate of ADEs (95% CI [0.60, 0.96]), a 20% lower rate of psychotropic polypharmacy (95% CI [0.74, 0.86]), and similar rates of psychiatric ED utilization and medication nonadherence. Compared to patients of PCPs, patients of prescribing psychologists had 138% higher rates of psychiatric ED utilization (95% CI [1.67, 3.39]), 175% higher rates of psychotropic polypharmacy (95% CI [2.53, 2.99]), 28% lower rates of medication nonadherence (95% CI [0.66, 0.78]), and similar rates of ADEs. Using robust pharmacoepidemiological methods, we noted that among mental health specialists, prescribing psychologists appear to be as safe and efficacious as psychiatrists in a large sample of privately insured patients. Notable differences in safety and efficacy when compared to PCPs may be attributable to differences between specialty and primary care. Future research on prescribing psychologists should move toward studies of care quality. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) |
Social support, spirituality, and executive functions: An event-related potential (ERP) study of neural mechanisms of cultural protective factors in American Indians (AIs).
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | American Psychologist |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 80 (No. 7) |
| Halaman | : | 1001-1018 |
| Abstrak | : | A resilience-based approach in American Indian (AI) communities focuses on inherent sociocultural assets that may act as protective resilience buffers linked to mitigated mental health risks (e.g., deep-rooted spiritual, robust social support networks). Executive control functions are implicated as mechanisms for protective factors, but little evidence exists on the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms that support resilience. This study examined how sustainable and community-centric factors of social support and Native Spirituality were linked to neural mechanisms of executive control functions in a heterogeneous AI community. Fifty-nine self-identified AI participants underwent electroencephalography recordings during a stop signal task and completed measures of social support and spirituality engagement. Event-related potential components indexed attentional resource allocation for inhibitory processing (N2, P3a) and for response error monitoring (error/correct-related negativity; error positivity). Greater social support was linked to attenuated attentional demands for early and sustained inhibitory processing (N2, P3a). Greater Native Spirituality beliefs were linked to greater attentional resources for early but not sustained error-monitoring error-related negativity. Results provide novel evidence for neurocognitive mechanisms of resilience, contribute a deeper understanding of resilience within Indigenous communities, and highlight the role of salient protective factors in mental health that offer a foundation for targeted resilience-based treatment(s). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved) |