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Down Syndrome: Screening, Diagnosis, and Health Consequences
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| Pengarang | : | Evita Zevanya |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | CDK Cermin dunia kedokteran |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 52 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 90-99 |
| Abstrak | : | Down syndrome is congenital or genetic abnormality with extra chromosome 21 causing various clinical manifestations and health problem. Down syndrome ranked first as the most common cause of birth defect in Indonesia. Chromosomal abnormality cause Down syndrome children have a higher risk and more common health problems. Down syndrome can burden family or caregiver physically, socially, financially, and emotionally. Proper screening and diagnosis criteria need to be done to establish the diagnosis. |
Approach to Diagnosis of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
| Pengarang | : | ADEM, ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS, DEMYELINATING DISEASE |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | CDK Cermin dunia kedokteran |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 52 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 84-89 |
| Abstrak | : | Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is an acute neurological disorder characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS). It can affect individuals of all ages, more commonly observed in boys with prior viral or bacterial infections and immunizations. ADEM typically presents with an acute and monophasic course of polyfocal neurological deficits. There are no specific symptoms in ADEM, clinical manifestations are based on the site of demyelination. Diagnosis relies on exclusion criteria as there is no definitive marker for diagnosing ADEM. Felicia. Diagnostic Approach of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis. |
D dimer as a Diagnostic Biomarker of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Pleural Effusion
| Pengarang | : | Reza Aditya Digambiro, Florinda Ilona, Julian Chendrasari, Indah Widya Lestari, Edy Parwanto |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | CDK Cermin dunia kedokteran |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 52 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 78-83 |
| Abstrak | : | Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat, especially in developing countries. Although the lungs are the most affected organ, systemic manifestations are quite significant. D-dimer, as one of the fibrin degradation products and also an indicator of coagulation activity, has been extensively researched for its predictive and diagnostic value in various diseases. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of D-dimer as a diagnostic biomarker for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in patients with pleural effusion compared to those with non-TB pleural effusion. Methods: The study was conducted as an observational case-control on 64 patients with pulmonary TB with pleural effusion were compared to 64 non-TB subjects with pleural effusion. Result: In the TB patient group, 62.5% of patients were smokers, 46.9% of patients had been exposed to TB. Patients were assessed based on the TB symptom scale and with radiological lung examinations, either x-rays or CT scans. D-dimer levels were correlated with the TB severity. D-dimer levels above the threshold value were significantly higher in patients with severe TB symptoms. Conclusion: A direct correlation was observed between the size of radiological lung lesions and D-dimer levels. The average D-dimer level in the control group was 220 ± 60 ng/mL, which increased to 450 ± 90 ng/mL in TB patients with severe lesions. Reza Aditya Digambiro, Edy Parwanto, Florinda Ilona, Julian Chendrasari, Indah Widya Lestari. D-dimer as a Diagnostic Biomarker for Pulmonary Tuberculosis with Pleural Effusion. |
Profile of Neonatal Mortality in Dr M Haulussy Regional Hospital, Indonesia
| Pengarang | : | Marischa Tita Thiono, Masayu Ramadhani Polanunu |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | CDK Cermin dunia kedokteran |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 52 (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 73-77 |
| Abstrak | : | The infant mortality rate (IMR) is one of the indicators commonly used to determine overall public welfare. This study aims to look deeper into the profile of neonatal mortality in Maluku region, particularly at dr. M. Haulussy Regional Hospital. Methods: This study was conducted on the neonatal population in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of dr. M.Haulussy Regional Hospital DR M Haulussy from January 1, 2022, to August 31, 2023. A total of 34 neonates met the inclusion criteria. Results: The main factors causing neonatal death were respiratory failure/asphyxia, LBW, and sepsis with the percentage of 25.6%, 24.4%, and 22.2% respectively. Conclusion: The most common factors of neonatal mortality in this sample population were respiratory failure/asphyxia, LBW/BBLR/BBLT, and sepsis. |
Federated Edge Learning for 6G: Foundations, Methodologies, and Applications
| Pengarang | : | Meixia Tao; Yong Zhou; Yuanming Shi; at.al |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 113 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 1075-1113 |
| Abstrak | : | Artificial intelligence (AI) is envisioned to be natively integrated into the sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks to support a diverse range of intelligent applications. Federated edge learning (FEEL) emerges as a vital enabler of this vision by leveraging the sensing, communication, and computation capabilities of geographically dispersed edge devices to collaboratively train AI models without sharing raw data. This article explores the pivotal role of FEEL in advancing both the “wireless for AI” and “AI for wireless” paradigms, thereby facilitating the realization of scalable, adaptive, and intelligent 6G networks. We begin with a comprehensive overview of learning architectures, models, and algorithms that form the foundations of FEEL. We, then, establish a novel task-oriented communication principle to examine key methodologies for deploying FEEL in dynamic and resource-constrained wireless environments, focusing on device scheduling, model compression, model aggregation, and resource allocation. Furthermore, we investigate the domain-specific optimizations of FEEL to facilitate its promising applications, ranging from wireless air-interface technologies to mobile and the Internet of Things (IoT) services. Finally, we highlight key future research directions for enhancing the design and impact of FEEL in 6G. |
Quantum Information Processing, Sensing, and Communications: Their Myths, Realities, and Futures
| Pengarang | : | Lajos Hanzo; Zunaira Babar; Zhenyu Cai; at. al |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 113 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 1024-1074 |
| Abstrak | : | The recent advances in quantum information processing, sensing, and communications are surveyed with the objective of identifying the associated knowledge gaps and formulating a roadmap for their future evolution. Since the operation of quantum systems is prone to the deleterious effects of decoherence, which manifests itself in terms of bit-flips, phase-flips, or both, the pivotal subject of quantum error mitigation is reviewed both in the presence and absence of quantum coding. The state of the art, knowledge gaps, and future evolution of quantum machine learning (QML) are also discussed, followed by a discourse on quantum radar systems and briefly hypothesizing about the feasibility of integrated sensing and communications (ISAC) in the quantum domain (QD). Finally, we conclude with a set of promising future research ideas in the field of ultimately secure quantum communications with the objective of harnessing ideas from the classical communications field. |
A Vision, Survey, and Roadmap Toward Space Communications in the 6G and Beyond Era
| Pengarang | : | Konstantinos Ntontin; Eva Lagunas; Jorge Querol; at. al |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 113 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 987-1023 |
| Abstrak | : | Satellite communications (SatComs) have recently been through a renaissance, both technologically and entrepreneurially. Ambitious plans have already come into fruition with the operation of low-Earth orbit (LEO) constellations including thousands of satellites and supported by state of the art but proprietary technologies, such as active antenna arrays and intersatellite links (ISLs). In this context, this article aims to provide a forward-looking vision of use cases and a deep dive into technological enablers that will be prominent in space communications beyond 2030. In parallel, it motivates how open standards can play a role in delivering affordable communication services in space. Starting from the 5G plans for nonterrestrial networks, we provide a survey and roadmap toward artificial intelligence (AI)-supported satellite systems, space-enabled quantum networks, and joint communications and positioning (JCAP) for space missions and interplanetary exploration. |
Uncrewed Vehicles in 6G Networks: A Unifying Treatment of Problems, Formulations, and Tools
| Pengarang | : | Winston Hurst; Spilios Evmorfos; Athina Petropulu; Yasamin Mostofi |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 113 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 952-986 |
| Abstrak | : | Uncrewed vehicles (UVs) functioning as autonomous agents are anticipated to play a crucial role in the sixth generation (6G) of wireless networks. Their seamless integration, cost-effectiveness, and additional controllability through motion planning make them an attractive deployment option for a wide range of applications, both as assets in the network [e.g., mobile base stations (BSs)] and as consumers of network services (e.g., autonomous delivery systems). However, despite their potential, the convergence of UVs and wireless systems brings forth numerous challenges that require attention from both academia and industry. This article then aims to offer a comprehensive overview, encompassing the transformative possibilities as well as the significant challenges associated with UV-assisted next-generation wireless communications. Considering the diverse landscape of possible application scenarios, problem formulations, and mathematical tools related to UV-assisted wireless systems, the underlying core theme of this article is the unification of the problem space, providing a structured framework to understand the use cases, problem formulations, and necessary mathematical tools. Overall, this article sets forth a clear understanding of how UVs can be integrated in the 6G ecosystem, paving the way toward harnessing the full potential at this intersection. |
The Evolution of Applications, Hardware Design, and Channel Modeling for Terahertz THz Band Communications and Sensing: Ready for 6G
| Pengarang | : | Josep M. Jornet; Vitaly Petrov; Hua Wang; at. al |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 113 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 920-951 |
| Abstrak | : | For decades, the terahertz (THz) frequency band had been primarily explored in the context of radar, imaging, and spectroscopy, where multi-gigahertz (GHz) and even THz-wide channels and the properties of THz photons offered attractive target accuracy, resolution, and classification capabilities. Meanwhile, the exploitation of the THz band for wireless communication had originally been limited due to several reasons: 1) no immediate need for such high data rates available via THz bands and 2) challenges in designing sufficiently high-power THz systems at reasonable cost and efficiency, leading to what was often referred to as “the THz gap.” Over the recent decade, advances on many fronts have drastically changed the THz landscape. First, the evolution from 5G- to 6G-grade wireless systems dictates the need to support novel bandwidth-hungry applications and services for both data transfer [i.e., eXtended Reality (XR), the Metaverse, and vast modeling needs of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML)], as well as centimeter-precision sensing and classification (i.e., for standalone position location, vehicle-to-everything (V2X), or unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) tracking). Second, substantial progress in THz hardware has been achieved, offering promise that the THz technology gap will be closed. Hence, THz-band wireless communication seems inevitably an essential part of the future networking technology landscape in the coming decades. To design efficient THz systems, the peculiarities of THz hardware and THz channels need to be understood and accounted for. This roadmap paper first reviews the evolution of the hardware design approaches for THz systems, including electronic, photonic, and plasmonic approaches, and the understanding of the THz channel itself, in diverse scenarios, ranging from common indoors and outdoors scenarios to intrabody and outer space environments. This article then summarizes the lessons learned during this multidecade process and the cutting-edge state-of-the-art findings, including novel methods to quantify power efficiency, which will become more important in making design choices. Finally, this article presents the authors’ perspective and insights on how the evolution of THz systems design will continue toward enabling efficient THz communications and sensing solutions as an integral part of next-generation wireless systems. |
Joint Source Channel Coding: Fundamentals and Recent Progress in Practical Designs
| Pengarang | : | Deniz Gunduz; Michèle A. Wigger; Tze-Yang Tung; Ping Zhang; Yong Xiao |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Proceedings of the IEEE |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 113 (No. 9) |
| Halaman | : | 888-919 |
| Abstrak | : | Semantic- and task-oriented communication has emerged as a promising approach to reducing the latency and bandwidth requirements of the next-generation mobile networks by transmitting only the most relevant information needed to complete a specific task at the receiver. This is particularly advantageous for machine-oriented communication of high-data-rate content, such as images and videos, where the goal is rapid and accurate inference, rather than perfect signal reconstruction. While semantic- and task-oriented compression can be implemented in conventional communication systems, joint source-channel coding (JSCC) offers an alternative end-to-end approach by optimizing compression and channel coding together, or even directly mapping the source signal to the modulated waveform. Although all digital communication systems today rely on separation, thanks to its modularity, JSCC is known to achieve higher performance in finite blocklength scenarios and to avoid cliff and the leveling-off effects in time-varying channel scenarios. This article provides an overview of the information theoretic foundations of JSCC, surveys practical JSCC designs over the decades, and discusses the reasons for their limited adoption in practical systems. We then examine the recent resurgence of JSCC, driven by the integration of deep learning techniques, particularly through DeepJSCC, highlighting its many surprising advantages in various scenarios. Finally, we discuss why it may be time to reconsider today’s strictly separate architectures and reintroduce JSCC to enable high-fidelity, low-latency communications in critical applications such as autonomous driving, drone surveillance, or wearable systems. |