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Petitions and the "Invention" of Public Opinion in the English Revolution
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| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 101-6, MAY (No. 6) |
| Halaman | : | 1497-1555 |
| Abstrak | : | Current accounts of the capitalist and Protestant origins of the democratic public sphere are inconsistent and speculative. This empirical account explains the transition in political communication from norms of secrecy to appeals to public opinion. Popular communicative change in the English Revolution anticipated, in practice, the democratic theory of the public sphere when printing transformed a traditional instrument of communication-the petition. Petitions had medieval origins and traditions that upheld norms of secrecy and privilege in political communication. Economic and technical properties of printing-namely, heightened commercialism and the capacity to reproduce texts-demolished these norms by changing the scope and content of communication by petition. This practical innovation appears in all factions in the revolution. But among radical groups, the political use of printed petitions led to novel theories and to democratic speculation on constitutional provisions that would ensure the authority of public opinion in politics. This analysis contradicts key assumptions on communicative change that fuel pessimistic assessments of the modern public sphere in post-modernism and critical theory. |
Contextual perspective in analysing collaborative knowledge construction of two small groups in web-based discussion
| Pengarang | : | Dan Kalman |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 2 (No. 2-3) |
| Halaman | : | 133-158 |
| Abstrak | : | This paper presents a methodology designed to explore the role of context in collaborative knowledge construction activity in asynchronous web-based discussion. The discussions of two student groups participating in a web-based teacher education course were compared. The comparison aimed to highlight the differences and similarities between the groups’ knowledge construction activity through studying the thematic structure, communicative functions and contextual resources used in their discussions. The results indicated that the different backgrounds of the two student groups influenced the way context was created and interpreted, and how meanings were negotiated. The differences and similarities between the groups’ activity illuminated the situated and mediated nature of learning. The possibilities of the methodology used in this study for evaluating collaborative knowledge construction in context are also discussed. |
Status and Participation in Task Groups: A Dynamic Network Model
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 101-5, MARCH (No. 5) |
| Halaman | : | 1366-1414 |
| Abstrak | : | This article presents a dynamic model for the formation of status orders in small task groups whose members may be differnetiated by a diffuse status characteristic. This theoretical strategy embodies " E-state structuralism," wich unites the social psychological formalism of expectation states theory with social network research. Using the development of status hierarchies via differential participation in group discussion, the formal model synthesizes (a) the conceptual structure of Fisek, Berger, and Norman, (b) Balkwell's formula for status effects on probabilities of directed participation, and (c) Fararo and Skvoretz's E-state structuralism model for the formation of dominance structures. After describing this synthesis, the article presents the model in axiomatic form and provides a simulation of its dynamic consequences. |
The Structural Basis of Social Inequality
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 101-5, MARCH (No. 5) |
| Halaman | : | 1333-1365 |
| Abstrak | : | This article discusses the concept of rent and its use in analysis of inequality in society. Rents are resources that provide advantages for incumbents of social positions that are independent of the characteristics of the incumbents. Inequalities created by rents generate interests in the protection and the acquisition of advantages that can be said to from "objective" interests attached to positions in social structure. Rent, therefore, is the basis for the formation of classes, in the general meaning of conflict groups. The article also discusses rents not located in positions in social structure but based on natural abilities. |
Making Contact? Black-White Social Interaction in an Urban Setting
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 101-5, MARCH (No. 5) |
| Halaman | : | 1306-1332 |
| Abstrak | : | Although numerous studies have examined the consequences of social contact between black and white Americans, relatively little is known about the determinants of such contact. Drawing on a survey of residents of the Detroit area, this article probes to what extent and in what manner interracial contact (a) has changed over the past quarter century and (b) is shaped by propinquity and personal characteristics. Interracial contact is more common than it was during the late 1960s, specially for whites, but still consists primarily of brief, superficial encounters. For whites, the quantity and quality of contact with blacks are determined primarily by propinquity. For blacks, pace of residence matters less, and early childhood experiences matter more. |
So Long as They Both Shall Live: Marital Dissolution and the Decline of Domestic Homicide in France, 1852-1909
| Pengarang | : | A. R. Gillis |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 101-5, MARCH (No. 5) |
| Halaman | : | 1273-1305 |
| Abstrak | : | This article suggests that the growth of European states, the decline of familism, and the rise of individualism generated the institutionalization of judicial separation and divorce. Time-series analyses of France (1852-1908) reveal a persistent negative association between separation/divorce and domestic homicide, especially among males. Neither indicators of economic change nor trends in the wider pattern of violent crime account for the relationship. Although marital dissolution is a negative correlate of premeditated domestic homicide, the rate of separation/divorce is directly associated with spontaneous domestic homicide, for both females and males and may indicate that abandoned spouses can become homicidal. |
Civil Society and Crisis: Culture, Discourse, and the Rodney King Beating
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 101-5, MARCH (No. 5) |
| Halaman | : | 1194-1237 |
| Abstrak | : | Narrative methods are used to analyze the cultural dynamics of civil society through a comparison of African-American and "main-stream" newspaper coverage of the Rodney King crisis in Los Angeles. The newspapers' different narrative constructions affected the selection and interpretation of significant crisis events, shaped social expectations about how the crisis would be resolved, and constrained the range of symbolic strategies available to local political elites. Through and application of narrative methods, this case demonstrates how the analysis of plot, character, and genre can help explain the interplay between the analytic and concrete forms of culture and the dynamics of social problems and social change more broadly. |
Barriers to online critical discourse
| Pengarang | : | Liam Rourke, Heather Kanuka |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 2 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 105-126 |
| Abstrak | : | This qualitative case study illustrates barriers to informal argumentation and reasoned debate, i.e., critical discourse, in online forums. The case is the computer conference of a 15-week, graduate-level humanities course offered entirely at a distance. Twelve students, all with families and careers, were enrolled in the course. We read all messages as they were posted and interviewed five of the students several times during the course. The students provided three insights into our interpretation that the forums contained little critical discourse: (1) The students did not orient to the conference as a forum for critical discourse, and worse, they had competing orientations; (2) they perceived critiques as personal attacks; and (3) they realized early on that critical discourse was a bothersome means to obtain their participation marks. Certain practices may ease some of these difficulties, including (1) well-structured learning activities with clearly defined roles for teachers and students, and (2) a method of assessing students’ participation that reflects the time and effort required to engage in critical discourse. |
Families and Funny Mirrors: A Study of the Social Construction and Personal Embodiment of Humor
| Pengarang | : | Jack Katz |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 101-5, MARCH (No. 5) |
| Halaman | : | 1194-1237 |
| Abstrak | : | Based on participant observation and videotapes, this article examines laughter in a Parisian funhouse. Three central contingencies of an initial metamorphosis, from sober dispositions to doing laughter, are specified. The would-be laugher must collaboratively construct the presumption that another person shares his or her perspective on the mirror's reflections, develop mutually untenable definitions of a person and that person's reflections, and display a corporeal appreciation of the sensed juxtaposition. Each of these dimensions is altered when participants undergo a second metamorphosis, a shift to being done by the spirit raised. A final section analyzes the trascendent powers of family relations as they play on glaces bizarres. |
Investigating patterns of interaction in networked learning and computer-supported collaborative learning: A role for Social Network Analysis
| Pengarang | : | Maarten de Laat, Vic Lally, Robert-Jan Simons |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 2 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 87-103 |
| Abstrak | : | The focus of this study is to explore the advances that Social Network Analysis (SNA) can bring, in combination with other methods, when studying Networked Learning/Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning (NL/CSCL). We present a general overview of how SNA is applied in NL/CSCL research; we then go on to illustrate how this research method can be integrated with existing studies on NL/CSCL, using an example from our own data, as a way to synthesize and extend our understanding of teaching and learning processes in NLCs. The example study reports empirical work using content analysis (CA), critical event recall (CER) and social network analysis (SNA). The aim is to use these methods to study the nature of the interaction patterns within a networked learning community (NLC), and the way its members share and construct knowledge. The paper also examines some of the current findings of SNA analysis work elsewhere in the literature, and discusses future prospects for SNA. This paper is part of a continuing international study that is investigating NL/CSCL among a community of learners engaged in a master’s program in e-learning. |