OPAC - Pencarian Artikel Jurnal & Majalah Library USD
Menampilkan semua artikel (Halaman 366 dari 34170, Total: 341698 data)
Reputational Entrepreneurs and the Memory of Incompetence: Melting Supporters, Partisan Warriors, and Images of President Harding
klik untuk membaca file PDF
| Pengarang | : | Gary Alan Fine |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 101-5, MARCH (No. 5) |
| Halaman | : | 1159-1193 |
| Abstrak | : | "Reputational entrepreneurs" attempt to control the memory of historical figures through motivation, narrative facility, and institutional placement. Whereas the study of those remembered as great or evil draws on Durkheimian Theory's consensus and cohesion, this does not explain the memory of the "incompetent." Reputational politics is an arena in which forces compete to control memory. Reputations are grounded in a social construction of character, subsequently generalized to policy and the character of the society. In the case of Warren G. Harding, the U.S. president rated lowest by historians and the public, political opponents set the agenda, while potential supporters did not defend him, given their political interests, structural positions, and a lack of credible narrative. |
A rating scheme for assessing the quality of computer-supported collaboration processes
| Pengarang | : | Anne MeierHans, Spada, Nikol Rummel |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 2 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 63-86 |
| Abstrak | : | The analysis of the process of collaboration is a central topic in current CSCL research. However, defining process characteristics relevant for collaboration quality and developing instruments capable of assessing these characteristics are no trivial tasks. In the assessment method presented in this paper, nine qualitatively defined dimensions of collaboration are rated quantitatively: sustaining mutual understanding, dialogue management, information pooling, reaching consensus, task division, time management, technical coordination, reciprocal interaction, and individual task orientation. The data basis for the development of these dimensions was taken from a study in which students of psychology and medicine collaborated on a complex patient case via a desktop-videoconferencing system. A qualitative content analysis was performed on a sample of transcribed collaboration dialogue. The insights from this analysis were then integrated with theoretical considerations about the roles of communication, joint information processing, coordination, interpersonal relationship, and motivation in the collaboration process. The resulting rating scheme was applied to process data from a new sample of 40 collaborating dyads. Based on positive findings on inter-rater reliability, consistency, and validity from this evaluation, we argue that the new method can be recommended for use in different areas of CSCL. |
Patterns as a paradigm for theory in community-based learning
| Pengarang | : | John M. Carroll, Umer Farooq |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 2 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 41-59 |
| Abstrak | : | Learning about information technology is typically not a first-order goal for community-based volunteer organizations. Nonetheless, information technology is vital to such groups for member recruiting and management, communication and visibility to the community, and for primary group activities. During the past 12 years, we have worked with community groups in Centre County, Pennsylvania, and Montgomery County, Virginia. We have built partnerships with these groups to better understand and address their learning challenges with respect to information technology. In this paper, we suggest that patterns, standard solution schemata for recurring problems (as used in architecture and software engineering, among other design domains), can be a paradigm for codifying and developing an understanding of learning in and by community organizations. Patterns are middle-level abstractions; they capture regularities of practices in ways that are potentially intelligible, verifiable, and perhaps useful to the practitioners themselves. We present two example patterns and discuss issues and directions for developing patterns as a theoretical foundation for community-based learning. |
Culture, Class, and Connections
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 102-1, JULY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 217-251 |
| Abstrak | : | Bourdieu's analysis of class and culture errs in neglecting two important aspects of social structure: social networks and class relations at work. He expects high-status culture to be useful in class because it is correlated with class, but culture used at work includes both genres related to class (used in domination) and genres unrelated to class (used in coordination). High-status culture is correlated with class but excluded, not used, in the competitive private sector. The most widely useful cultural resource is cultural variety, and social network variety is a better source of cultural variety than is class itself. |
Confirming Allusions: Toward an Empirical Account of Action
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 102-1, JULY (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 161-216 |
| Abstrak | : | As part of a larger effort to develop an empirically grounded theory of action, this article describes a previously undescribed action that occurs in talk-in-interaction. The practice of agreeing with another by repeating what they have said is shown to constitute the action of confirming an allusion-that is, confirming both its "content" and its prior inexplicit conveyance. The author reviews the past treatment of "action" in sociology and the key constraints on undertaking an empirically grounded account. The account of "confirming allusions" is offered to exemplify what this undertaking will involve: several instances of an unremarkable usage in conversation are displayed and used to formulate a puzzle, a database is developed for the exploration of the target usage, and a candidate solution to the puzzle is formulated, exemplified, and defended through a range of analytic techniques. The linkage between the practice and the action that it implements is analytically sketched by examining other uses of repetition in talk-in-interaction. In conclusion, the significance of both the theme and the analysis for studies of interaction and culture and for sociological theory is discussed. |
Community-based learning: The core competency of residential, research-based universities
| Pengarang | : | Gerhard Fischer, Markus Rohde, Volker Wulf |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | International Journal of Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 2 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 9-40 |
| Abstrak | : | Traditionally, universities focus primarily on instructionist teaching. Such an understanding has been criticized from theoretical and practical points of view. We believe that socio-cultural theories of learning and the concepts of social capital and social creativity hold considerable promise as a theoretical base for the repositioning of universities in the knowledge society. To illustrate our assumption, we provide case studies from the University of Colorado and the University of Siegen. These cases indicate how approaches to community-based learning can be integrated into a curriculum of applied computer science. We also discuss the role these didactical concepts can play within a practice-oriented strategy of regional innovation. |
The Myth of the M-Form? Governance, Consent, and Organizational Change
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 102-2, SEPTEMBER (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 483-526 |
| Abstrak | : | Efficiency accounts of the firm arghe that the multidivisional governance structure (M-form) arose and succeeded because it reduced costs by creating a clear distinction between strategic and tactical planning. Examining new evidence in the paradigmatic case of General Motors (GM), this article shows that such approaches are poorly equipped to explain changes in the M-form. For most of its history, GM intentionally violated the axioms of efficient organization to create managerial consent. The GM case suggests that the textbook M-form may actually undermine order within the firm, thus leading to organizational decline. |
Durkheim's Epistemology: The Neglected Argument
| Pengarang | : | Anne Warfield Rawls |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 102-2, SEPTEMBER (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 430-482 |
| Abstrak | : | Durkheim's epistemology, the argument for the social origins of the categories of the understanding, is his most important and most neglected argument. This argument has been confused with his sociology of knowledge, and Durkheim's overall position has been misunderstood as a consequence. The current popularity of a "cultural" or "ideological" interpretation of Durkheim is as much a misunderstanding of his position as the "functional" interpretation from which the current interpretations seek to rescue him. Durkheim articulated a sophisticated epistemology in the classical sense, a point that has been entirely missed. |
Patron-Client Ties, State Centralization, and the Whiskey Rebellion
| Pengarang | : | - |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 102-2, SEPTEMBER (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 400-429 |
| Abstrak | : | Patronage is recognized in the literature on state formation as a tool used to co-opt elite adversaries. But the focus on economic bases of elite opposition has obscured a second issue: co-optation benefits some elites at the expense of those who occupy disadvantaged positions in local patronage networks, inclining the latter to resist. This mechanism accounts for patterns of elite participation in the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, a mass mobilization against state building in the postrevolutionary United States. Elites without patronage ties, and those whose clienteles overlapped with those of federal officers, were more likely to mobilize against the state. |
Ascription into Achievement: Models of Career Systems at Lloyds Bank, 1890-1970
| Pengarang | : | Katherine Stovel |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | AJS American Journal of Sociology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 102-2, SEPTEMBER (No. 2) |
| Halaman | : | 358-399 |
| Abstrak | : | Optimal matching algorithms are used to model the transformation of career systems in a large British bank (Lloyds) from 1890 to 1970. The authors first model the breakdown of the traditional ascriptive, status-based system, and then identify a more dynamic, achievement-based system, and then identify a more dynamic, achievement-based system as its replacement. By relating the structure of careers to organizational growth and social change, the authors explore how the modern achievement career came about. More broadly, they argue that optimal matching enables one to see clearly the multiple time frames that are necessarily intercalated into career systems and hence provides new insights into the discontinuous and contingent nature of organizational change. |