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A Simple Density-Based Empirical Likelihood Ratio Test for Independence
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| Pengarang | : | Albert Vexler |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The American Statistician |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 68 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 158-169 |
| Abstrak | : | We develop a novel nonparametric likelihood ratio test for independence between two random variables using a technique that is free of the common constraints of defining a given set of specific dependence structures. Our methodology revolves around an exact density-based empirical likelihood ratio test statistic that approximates in a distribution-free fashion the corresponding most powerful parametric likelihood ratio test. We demonstrate that the proposed test is very powerful in detecting general structures of dependence between two random variables, including nonlinear and/or random-effect dependence structures. An extensive Monte Carlo study confirms that the proposed test is superior to the classical nonparametric procedures across a variety of settings. The real-world applicability of the proposed test is illustrated using data from a study of biomarkers associated with myocardial infarction. Supplementary materials for this article are available online. |
New Statistical Tests for Detecting Disparate Impact Arising From Two-Stage Selection Processes
| Pengarang | : | Weiwen Miao |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The American Statistician |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 68 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 146-157 |
| Abstrak | : | Statistical evidence of a significant difference between the performance of a protected group and the majority on a preemployment exam is often critical when a court decides whether the exam has a disparate impact, that is, whether the exam has a disproportionate adverse impact on minority candidates. In many cases, the hiring or promotion process consists of two steps. Since disparate impact can occur at each step, parties submitting evidence may use statistical tests at each stage without accounting for a potential multiple comparisons problem. Because different courts have focused on data concerning either one or the other step or a composite of both, they have reached opposite conclusions when faced with similar data. After illustrating the issues, two two-step tests are recommended to alleviate the problem. The large sample properties of these tests are obtained. A simulation study shows that in most situations, the new tests have higher power than the ones in current use. |
Asian American mens internalization of Western media appearance ideals, social comparison, and acculturative stress.
| Pengarang | : | Keum, Brian TaeHyuk. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Asian American Journal of Psychology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 7 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 256-264 |
| Abstrak | : | Social comparison theory posits that people make upward comparisons to others who may be better off in achieving the idealized standards in society. For Asian American men exposed to Western appearance ideals in the media, the comparison process may represent an adjustment toward incompatible Western media ideals that may amount to acculturative stress. Accordingly, we tested whether internalization of Western media appearance ideals was a source of acculturative stress for Asian American men. Specifically, this study examined the relationship between Asian American men’s internalization of Western media appearance ideals and their acculturative stress and also tested social comparison to Western media ideals as a mediator. Participants were 165 Asian American men of diverse Asian ethnicities. Results indicate that greater internalization of Western media appearance ideals was associated with higher levels of social comparison based on Western media ideals, which in turn, was linked to greater acculturative stress. We also found an alternative model in which acculturative stress predicted internalization of Western media appearance ideals. Findings provide initial evidence on the stressful process of body image negotiation for Asian American men exposed to Western media ideals that may not be as applicable and compatible. Implications for research and practice are discussed |
A Coverage Probability Approach to Finding an Optimal Binomial Confidence Procedure
| Pengarang | : | Mark F. Schilling |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The American Statistician |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 68 (No. 3) |
| Halaman | : | 133-145 |
| Abstrak | : | The problem of finding confidence intervals for the success parameter of a binomial experiment has a long history, and a myriad of procedures have been developed. Most exploit the duality between hypothesis testing and confidence regions and are typically based on large sample approximations. We instead employ a direct approach that attempts to determine the optimal coverage probability function a binomial confidence procedure can have from the exact underlying binomial distributions, which in turn defines the associated procedure. We show that a graphical perspective provides much insight into the problem. Both procedures whose coverage never falls below the declared confidence level and those that achieve that level only approximately are analyzed. We introduce the Length/Coverage Optimal method, a variant of Sterne's procedure that minimizes average length while maximizing coverage among all length minimizing procedures, and show that it is superior in important ways to existing procedures. |
Annual Review of Asian American psychology, 2015.
| Pengarang | : | Kiang, Lisa; Cheah, Charissa S. L.; Huynh, Virginia W.; Wang, Yijie; Yoshikawa, Hirokazu. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Asian American Journal of Psychology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 7 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 219-255 |
| Abstrak | : | [Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 8(2) of Asian American Journal of Psychology (see record 2017-14100-001). In the article, the last author’s name was misspelled. The online version of this article has been corrected.] As the seventh in the series, this annual review of research on Asian American psychology focused on the 332 articles that were identified by PsycINFO as being published in 2015 and that met the inclusion criteria established by prior reviews. Consistent with prior annual reviews, these articles were coded for 4 domain themes: study topic, methodology, participant characteristics (i.e., ethnicity), and age range/developmental period of the sample. In addition to presenting a brief summary of our coding results, we also present a more detailed synthesis and evaluation of empirical work centered around the distinctive status of Asian Americans as members of cultural, immigrant, and minority groups. Trends and patterns in the field and concrete suggestions for future research are discussed throughout the review. A discussion of limitations of our review is also provided. |
The “Three Plus One” Likelihood-Based Test Statistics: Unified Geometrical and Graphical Interpretations
| Pengarang | : | Vito M. R. Muggeo |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The American Statistician |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 68 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 302-306 |
| Abstrak | : | The presentations of the well-known likelihood ratio, Wald and score test statistics in textbooks appear to lack a unified graphical and geometrical interpretation. We present two simple graphical representations on a common scale for these three test statistics, and also the recently proposed gradient test statistic. These unified graphical displays may favor better understanding of the geometrical meaning of the likelihood-based statistics and provide useful insights into their connections. |
The Sign of the Logistic Regression Coefficient
| Pengarang | : | A. B. Owen |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The American Statistician |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 68 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 297-301 |
| Abstrak | : | Let Y be a binary random variable and X a scalar. Let be the maximum likelihood estimate of the slope in a logistic regression of Y on X with intercept. Further let and be the average of sample x values for cases with y = 0 and y = 1, respectively. Then under a condition that rules out separable predictors, we show that . More generally, if the xi are vector valued, then we show that if and only if . This holds for logistic regression and also for more general binary regressions with inverse link functions satisfying a log-concavity condition. Finally, when then the angle between and is less than 90° in binary regressions satisfying the log-concavity condition and the separation condition, when the design matrix has full rank. |
Some Useful Moment Results in Sampling Problems
| Pengarang | : | B. O’Neill |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The American Statistician |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 68 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 282-296 |
| Abstrak | : | We consider the standard sampling problem involving a finite population of N objects and a sample of n objects taken from this population using simple random sampling without replacement. We consider the relationship between the moments of the sampled and unsampled parts and show how these are related to the population moments. We derive expectation, variance, and covariance results for the various quantities under consideration and use these to obtain standard sampling results with an extension to variance estimation with a “finite population correction.” This clarifies and extends standard results in sampling theory for the estimation of the mean and variance of a population. |
Measurement invariance of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18) across Asian American ethnic, nativity, and gender groups.
| Pengarang | : | Lu, Yun; Alvarez, Alvin N.; Miller, Matthew J. |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | Asian American Journal of Psychology |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 10 (No. 1) |
| Halaman | : | 1-10 |
| Abstrak | : | This study was the first to examine the factor structure, measurement invariance, and criterion-related evidence for the construct validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18; Derogatis, 2000) in an Asian American sample. Multigroup confirmative factor analyses were carried out in a community sample of adults of Asian ethnic descent (N = 624; M = 41.47 years, SD = 13.28) across ethnicity (Chinese, Filipinx, and Vietnamese), nativity status (U.S.-born and Asian-born), and gender (female and male) to test a priori competing models and measurement invariance. Results of bifactor analyses and ancillary estimates provided strong evidence for the general factor of the BSI-18. Invariance tests indicated that BSI-18 items were interpreted in a similar fashion, and responses could be meaningfully compared across ethnicity, gender, and nativity samples. In addition, theory-consistent correlations with self-esteem and racial microaggression experiences provided criterion-related evidence for the BSI-18. Results may not generalize to other Asian American groups (e.g., South Asians, Asian elders, and clinical samples), and researchers are strongly encouraged to conduct further internal structure analyses of the BSI-18 among Asian American populations. In conclusion, we recommend calculation and interpretation of the BSI-18 total score as a measure of general psychological distress for Asian American populations. |
A Property of Geometric Mean Regression
| Pengarang | : | Shaoji Xu |
| Nama Majalah/Jurnal | : | The American Statistician |
| Volume / Edisi | : | 68 (No. 4) |
| Halaman | : | 277-281 |
| Abstrak | : | This article gives an overview of four classical regressions: regression of Y on X, regression of X on Y, orthogonal regression, and geometric mean regression. It also compares two general parametric families that unify all four regressions: Deming's parametric family and Roos’ parametric family. It is shown that Roos regression can be done by minimizing the sum of squared α-distance, and as a special case, geometric mean regression can be obtained by minimizing the sum of squared adjusted distances between the sample points and an imaginary line. |